Pupils and parents about extremism, terrorism and corruption
We got acquainted with some criminogenic situations that a person may encounter in everyday life. We learned what antisocial behavior is, and we examined its unlawful nature and its negative impact on the conditions of normal human life. We also studied the rules of safe behavior in various criminogenic situations.
Further, we will continue to acquaint you with a number of other negative antisocial phenomena that you constantly hear about on radio and television, which you may encounter in everyday life, and therefore, you must be prepared for this.
Let us dwell on the analysis of such extremely dangerous phenomena for society as extremism and terrorism.
Extremism is the commitment of individuals or groups to extreme views and actions that are implicitly or directly directed against the legitimate political rights and freedoms of citizens, are a threat to civil peace, national harmony and spiritual, religious tolerance in society and the state. Extremist views and actions are a direct path to breaking the law.
For example, a massive permitted demonstration is held against a certain decision of the city’s authorities, etc. This is the citizens ’legal right to express their opinion. But if this demonstration is accompanied by calls for violence, develops into hooligan actions and riots (arson of cars, pogroms, attacks on citizens or law enforcement officers) - these are already unlawful actions, which, according to the degree of public danger, can be qualified as criminal or criminal.
It should be noted that one of the reasons for the emergence of extremist motives and actions may be social injustice that has arisen in society, which is expressed in a decrease in the quality and standard of living of citizens, a decrease in the level of protection of their vital interests from internal and external threats and their impacts. All this can lead to grave consequences, creating increased tension in society. It is important to see that extremist activity not only cannot improve the lives of citizens, but, on the contrary, can become the basis for the extreme form of extremism, which is terrorism.
Modern terrorism and its essence
Terrorism is one of the global social problems and is a brutal, difficult to predict social emergency. ( Social - related to society, associated with the life and relationships of people in society.)
Terrorism manifests itself in various forms: from threats by telephone to explosions in the air of airliners with passengers on board. It entails the destruction of material and spiritual values, sows enmity between states, provokes wars, distrust and hatred between social and national groups. Terrorism in all its forms and manifestations is one of the most serious threats to peace and security. The international community has recognized that any acts of terrorism are unjustifiable crimes.
This name comes from the Latin word "terror", which means "fear, horror."
Over its long history, terrorism has appeared in a variety of guises and forms. Currently, the world community is dealing not with one, but with many types of terrorism. It should be remembered that all types of terrorism are political. There is no single universally accepted classification of terrorist activity in the world. We give its conditional varieties according to the nature of social manifestation and the forms of technical implementation.
Political terrorism opposes the socio-political system of the state as a whole or of individual aspects of its activities or of specific political figures and civil servants who are objectionable to terrorists. Political terrorism, as a rule, aims to gain political power in the country and is directed against the state system that currently exists in the country.
Political terrorism can exist only with reliance on minimal support and sympathy from public opinion. In the face of society’s rejection of the methods and slogans of political terrorism, it is doomed to defeat.
Religious motive, manifested in extreme intolerance and violence, including armed, between representatives of various religious beliefs and religions. It is often used for political purposes, in the struggle of religious extremists against a secular state or for the assertion of power by representatives of one of the creeds. Some extremists set as their goal the terrorist way to achieve the creation of a separate state, the legal norms of which will be replaced by the norms of one religion common to the entire population.
Criminal terrorism carried out by criminal elements or criminal groups in order to achieve certain concessions from the authorities, to intimidate the country's authorities and population using methods of violence and intimidation borrowed from the practice of terrorist organizations.
Forms of manifestation: contract killings, armed clashes between competing criminal groups, extortion, etc.
Experts say that today, political terrorism is increasingly merging with criminal crime. They can be distinguished only by goals and motives, and the methods and forms are identical. They interact and support each other. Often, terrorist organizations of a political nature use criminal methods to obtain financial and material resources, resorting to smuggling and the illicit trade in arms and drugs.
Nationalist terrorism It is based on interethnic conflicts, it is an effective way to destabilize the situation in a number of regions of the country, it is characterized by terrorist actions of groups that seek to achieve independence from the state or ensure the superiority of one nation over another. Often nationalists seek to violate the territorial integrity of the country in order to create their own state.
Technological terrorism lies in the use or threat of the use of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons, radioactive and highly toxic chemical, biological substances, as well as the threat of seizure of nuclear and other industrial facilities that pose an increased danger to human life and health. As a rule, technological terrorism sets itself political goals.
In Russia and in the world, they believe that all types of terrorism and all terrorist acts are criminal, regardless of the motive for their commission.
In recent years, terrorism has gained global scope, is finding new ways, forms, principles of interaction, based on the professional training of terrorists and the development of sophisticated methods of executing terrorist acts, and as a result has become a serious threat to the population of our country and Russia's national security. The protection of individuals, society and the state from terrorism has become an essential component of the national security of our country.
To counter terrorist activities in the Russian Federation, a nationwide system of counteracting terrorism has been created, but it should be noted that the problem of terrorism can be fundamentally solved in order to break its aggressiveness against Russia, only by the joint efforts of the state, society and the individual (each citizen of the country).
Citizens of the Russian Federation are required to be more vigilant and observe personal security measures against terrorist activities. To do this, everyone needs:
- comply with the safety rules for dealing with the threat of a terrorist act, recommended by specialists in the field of countering terrorism;
- comply with established norms and rules of moral conduct, excluding involvement in terrorist activities.
In conclusion, we give the definition of terrorism from the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Countering Terrorism” (in abbreviated form):
“Terrorism is the ideology of violence and the practice of influencing decision-making by government authorities related to intimidation of the population and other forms of unlawful violent actions.”
1. How do you explain the meaning of such a social phenomenon as extremism?
2. What is terrorism?
3. What reasons can contribute to the emergence of extremism and terrorism?
4. Determine the relationship between antisocial behavior, extremism, and terrorism.
Formulate your rules of conduct in everyday life so as not to become an offender, and write them in a safety diary.
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on the topic of terrorism and extremism
Recently, in our country, people have begun talking more and more about "extremism," "political terrorism," interpreting it as "how God sends," and more often as speaking favorably to the speaker. This is partly due to the concern of the authorities for their (staggering) political positions, and partly due to the desire to proactively politically “destroy” possible political opponents. Naturally, politics is not mathematics, and there is no need to wait for absolutely precise definitions here. And yet - let's try to figure it out a little.
Philologically, the word "extremism" comes from the Latin "extremus" - "extreme". That is, colloquially, "extremism" is a system of political views (and related actions) that are "on the edge", and more often - outside the limits of the "norm" adopted in this society or (according to the use of this term) - violates accepted moral standards in society. From this it is clear that with such a “relativistic” definition, say, in a democratic society, “extremists” will be called those who call for the destruction of this political democracy and its replacement by an authoritarian or totalitarian regime, but in a totalitarian or authoritarian (Freedom House: "Authoritarian Russia ...") - most likely the opposite, calling for the establishment (or restoration) of democracy. The Russian Federation proclaimed itself a democratic state that respects the basic democratic principles enshrined in international law, so that in everyday life this term should have been used in the first sense. However, practice often shows the opposite.
Naturally, such a definition is not very suitable for the legal process, since it leaves too much arbitrariness for interpretation. In countries with case law (such as the UK), and, moreover, with long democratic traditions (the same one), a common interpretation would be developed by the courts, based on established precedents. In the Russian Federation, where all this, in general, is practically absent, the corresponding attempt was made in article 1 of the Federal Law 114-FZ "On countering extremist activity." The wording here is long (13 points), but, despite this, it leaves loopholes for interpretation, and, in many ways, was written not only (and possibly not so much) in order to ensure maximum realization and maximum protection of citizens' rights, but, as it seems - in order to ensure "maximum protection" of the government and the bureaucracy representing its interests from these same "annoying citizens." In particular, paragraph 12 of this article states that “organization and preparation of the said acts, as well as incitement to their implementation”, refers to “extremist activity”. Unfortunately, the relatively small amount of accumulated judicial practice allows a very broad interpretation of the concepts of “organization, preparation, incitement”. The usual expression of disagreement with the policy of a high-ranking official, if desired (and this is often present among the authorities) can be interpreted as “incitement to extremism” (despite the fact that our public positions are by no means lifelong, and, moreover, not hereditary, and by and large, statesmen and politicians are just highly paid servants of the very people to whom, according to the Constitution, all power in the country belongs). The same thing happens with pickets, demonstrations, leaflets and more. As practice has already shown (in particular, in Moscow at the end of May), there is actually a substitution of concepts - any disagreement (fundamental democratic law, incidentally, it is not without reason that in the same Great Britain they say about the "Government of Her Majesty" and "the opposition of Her Majesty") automatically identified with extremism (or provocations - as interpreted by O.Yu. Vershinin - Aniskinsky s / n, Schelkovo district of the Moscow region). Although this, as they say in Odessa - "two big differences."
A very closely related to “extremism” concept is “terrorism” - not without reason, namely, “public justification of terrorism and other terrorist activities” (Clause 2 of the same law) is one of the signs of “extremism”. The word “terror” comes from the Latin word of the same name (literally translated “fear”, “horror” and is usually interpreted as “the use of force or the threat of its use for political purposes.” Accordingly, “state terror” is the method used by the country's authorities to manipulate public opinion, promoting their interests (Nazi Germany, Kampuchea from the time of Pol Pot, "the great terror of 1937-1938 in the USSR"), and "terrorism" - "a policy based on the systematic use of terror." Naturally, in the method (use of force or threat and its use) terrorism is akin to the usual banditry, which is widely used in the redistribution of property and other "showdowns" (many remember a sufficient number of examples from the "troubled 90s"), the only difference is for purposes - in the case of terrorism they are political in nature, and , most often, they are the realization of a certain (extremist) system of political views, and here again a substitution of concepts is often observed - the expression of citizens' opinions (sometimes even radical) is “adapted” to the concepts of “terrorism” and “extremism”. Figuratively speaking, even a skinhead who went to the demonstration with the slogan “Russians also need to protect their rights” or demanding an investigation of an imaginary incident where he was “beaten by a group of Caucasians” does not commit anything extremist and terrorist, but uses his right to disagree, protest and expression of opinion. But the same "skinhead" requiring "cut all Caucasians in the town" is a completely different matter). Nevertheless, in the traditions of our government (“no matter what happens”) - to prohibit everything that is possible and impossible, finding at least a far-fetched reason for this even when it is not at all, as the same events showed at the end of May on Triumfalnaya Square and the ensuing absolutely peaceful rally of the same orientation in June.
Examples
Terrorism is any action leading to intimidation of people united on a territorial, national, social or any other basis.
Until recently, in the village of Biokombinat (Shchelkovo district of Moscow region), gangster groups Pegasus (Igor Rozhnev) and Basmacha (Malthusov) (the Shchelkovo criminal group), which controlled trade, outlets, and enterprises in the village, had real power. businessmen. The police and local authorities did not even try to restore order, but rather merged with the bandits. For example, deputy. the directors of the scientific research institute S., the police, and Pegasus maintained "order" on the territory of the scientific research institute (roofing), where enterprises with illegal immigrants, their hostels were located, and collected tribute by intimidating illegal immigrants, including with the use of violence by the police and bandits. Deputy the directors of the research institute S. (he is also a member of the living commission) and the leader of the trade union research institute P. (Pegasus was listed as a waiting person, having houses, apartments, etc.) used illegal immigrants to attack and intimidate the waiting list, providing apartments for “their own”. The police and the local authorities did not notice the criminal offense. Payment for the “roof” - 4-room apartment of Pegasus (a long-term convict for the murder of more than 60 people in the gang). According to the above definition, terrorists can be considered local authorities, deputy. Director of the Research Institute S., leader of the union, the police and the bandits themselves. And there are many such situations in the village.
Terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, and in its scale and intensity, in its inhumanity and cruelty, has now become one of the most acute and topical problems of global significance.
The manifestation of terrorism entails massive human sacrifice, destroyed spiritual, material, cultural values \u200b\u200bthat cannot be recreated for centuries. It breeds hatred and distrust between social and national groups. Acts of terrorism have led to the need to create an international system to combat it. For many people, groups, organizations, terrorism has become a way to solve problems: political, religious, national. Terrorism refers to those forms of criminal violence, the victims of which can be innocent people, anyone who has nothing to do with the conflict.
The scale and cruelty of the manifestation of modern terrorism, the need for continuous struggle against it, primarily with legal methods, confirms the relevance of the chosen topic.
The work of such scholars is devoted to the study of the issue of international terrorism: a book by the Swiss researcher T. Deniker "The Anti-Terror Strategy"; the book of the French researcher Robert Sale "The Terrorist Challenge", the book of the West German researcher I. Becker "Children of Hitler", the book of the Polish researcher A. Bernhard "Strategy of terrorism"; the book of the Hungarian scholar E. Angel, "Myths of the shocked creation" and a number of other authors.
However, terrorism as a global problem requires constant attention and study, and therefore represents a wide field for research with its subsequent practical application.
The aim of this work is to study and analyze the nature of terrorism, its negative consequences in the development of the world community, the study of the phenomenon of terrorism in international and national conflicts; as well as the current state of the fight against terrorism in the international arena.
Criminological characteristics and the prevention of terrorism.
A brief history of terrorism.
The first wave of terrorism rolled from the Great French Revolution (the term "terror" first appeared in 1798) and died out in the carbonaria in the 1820s. The second started in the last third of the XIX century. and was represented by radical nationalist terrorism in Ireland, Macedonia, Serbia and several other countries (the goal is the creation of a nation-state); revolutionary democratic terrorism in France, Italy, Spain (the goal is the destruction of the state); revolutionary-democratic terrorism of the parties "Narodnaya Volya" and "Socialist-Revolutionaries" in Russia (the goal is to push the revolution).
In the 1910s the second wave was asleep. At the turn of the 1960-1970s a new wave of political terrorism began, and it swept precisely those countries where the post-war "economic miracle" - Italy, Germany, Japan - and where the development of social structures and institutions did not keep pace with economic changes. The Red Brigades, the Red Army Faction, the Japanese Red Army, and many other left-extremist organizations have seriously destabilized the political situation in their countries. The terror of these organizations is associated with the model developed by the French Revolution, which institutionalized terrorism as a means of ideological and political struggle, education and intimidation of the population.
The terrorism of Islamic fundamentalists, launched by the Islamic revolution of 1979, may seem like a failure in even greater depths of history, a triumph of conservatism and tradition. The theorists of Islamism set the task of overcoming "global modernism", the national state is one of its main elements and one of its main values, hence the struggle against the West, on the one hand, and the state in their own countries, on the other.
In the book of M. Tagayev, “Our struggle, or the Rebel army of the Imam,” it says in particular: “The war against the Russian Empire should be thought out to the smallest details and details. The main goal should be a secret war with the headquarters of the troops, individual committees and military commissariats, radio stations , railway stations, especially those with a nodal destination, where there are large clusters of rolling stock, linear police departments, prosecutor's offices, administrative buildings, heads of the colonial administration. prosecutors will also quietly bring us closer to the desired victory. "
The weaknesses and miscalculations of state power in Russia were factors contributing to the emergence and development of mass terror in Chechnya in 1990. A real rampant of lawlessness began in Chechnya: units of the federal army were driven out of the republic, militants took away weapons from soldiers, and seized warehouses. “Own” state structures and military units began to be created; the population has ceased to receive social benefits and pensions; schools were converted into military garrisons and schools; refugees from Chechnya appeared in different cities of Russia.
The concept of terrorism, its criminological characteristics.
Terrorism is one of the most destructive elements of crime for the state and society. It has a negative impact on the development of other structural elements of crime. Terrorism affects not only political, economic, social, moral-psychological, sociocultural processes in society.
Modern terrorism has enormous financial and economic opportunities that are not controlled by either the state or society. It has its own system of internal governance and opposition to the state in the interests of achieving political, economic and other goals. Combat formations, specific power structures equipped with modern material and technical means have been created. There is a fusion of terrorism with organized crime. To achieve their goals, terrorists use financial support, putting on stream such criminal activities as selling drugs, arms trading, the slave trade, etc. Terrorist organizations are able to contain specialists in various fields of economic and scientific activity.
For example, the main source of funding for the Peruvian Sendero Luminoso movement and the Lebanese Hezbollah is the drug business, and the Ceylon Liberation Tigers of Tamil Islam are drugs and weapons-gem transactions.
In the Russian language there are the concepts of "terror", "terrorism", "terrorist act" and the expressions "international terrorism", "state terrorism" have recently appeared. In the explanatory dictionary of V.I. Dahl emphasizes the focus of terrorism - to frighten with death, violence. S.I. Ozhegov in his dictionary clarifies: "Terror - physical violence, up to physical destruction, against political opponents." Some researchers, such as V. Zamkova and M. Ilchikov, believe that terror is used by political forces in power, relying on power structures and a repressive suppression apparatus, the army, various special services, etc., and terrorism belongs to the opposition forces. opposed to the "establishment" and are objectively the weaker side.
Thus, we can conclude that in the literature, terror, terrorism, terrorist act refers to the intimidation of the enemy, that is, to a specific individual (persons), performing state, political or other public functions., As well as the criminal orientation of many of them.
The Law on Combating Terrorism, adopted in Russia on June 25, 1998, in Article 3 gives a complete definition of terrorism, international terrorism and terrorist activities.
Terrorism - violence or the threat of its use against persons or organizations, as well as the destruction (damage) or the threat of destruction (damage) of property and other tangible objects, creating the danger of death, causing significant property damage or other socially dangerous consequences, carried out in order to violation of public safety, intimidation of the population or influence on the adoption by the authorities of decisions favorable to terrorists, or the satisfaction of their unlawful property ennyh and (or) other interests; an encroachment on the life of a state or public figure committed in order to terminate his state or other political activity or out of revenge for such activity attack on a representative of a foreign state and whether an employee of an international organization enjoying international protection, as well as office premises or vehicles of persons enjoying international protection if this act was committed with the aim of provoking a war or complicating international relations.
Until recently, the actions that threaten international law and order, the interests of all mankind, politicians and scientists attributed mainly to the actions of the state, a group of states.
These acts from an international legal point of view are international crimes, such as aggressive wars, colonization, apartheid. However, the political and legal situation in some states led to the emergence of dictatorships - unlimited power of a group of people using the power of the state for self-serving and anti-human purposes, which gave rise to the opportunity to commit international crimes, that is, to encroach on international law and order, not only to the state, but also to the individual individuals, groups of individuals, primarily the dictator himself, and the military personnel entering the military operations and in the occupied and annexed territories.
Article 6 of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal defines the following types of crimes of a person (group of persons):
1. crimes against peace, namely: planning, preparing, starting or conducting an aggressive war or war in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances or participation in a general plan or conspiracy aimed at the implementation of any of the above actions;
2. war crimes, namely: violations of the laws and customs of war. These violations include the killing, torture and enslavement or for other purposes of the civilian population of the occupied territory: the killing or torture of prisoners of war or persons at sea: the killing of hostages: robbery of public or private property: senseless destruction of cities or villages; ruin unjustified by military necessity, and other crimes;
3. crimes against humanity, namely murder, extermination, enslavement, exile and other cruelties committed against civilians before or during a war or persecution for political, racial or religious reasons with the aim of carrying out or in connection with any crime subject to jurisdiction The Tribunal, regardless of whether these acts were a violation of the domestic law of the country where they were committed, or not.
According to Art. II of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1948, "genocide means the following actions committed with the intention of destroying, in whole or in part, any national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such:
1. the murder of a member of such a group;
2. causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of such a group:
3. the deliberate creation for any group of such living conditions that are designed for complete or partial physical destruction of it:
4. measures designed to prevent childbearing in the environment of such a group;
5. Forcibly transferring children from one human group to another. "
Currently, some types of domestic criminal-law violence, having crossed national borders, have begun to threaten international law and order, and interstate relations - the central and most important among all types of international relations. Another type of international crime of a person (group of persons), an international criminal offense, has appeared.
Ultimately, the object of international crimes is international obligations in the field of ensuring international peace, security and cooperation of nations and peoples, based on the principles of peaceful coexistence and cooperation, respect for state sovereignty, and the right of nations to self-determination. They are united by a high degree of danger to humans, to earthly civilization.
It should be emphasized that, although in terms of terminology and structure the sum of the necessary features of the elements of an international crime of a person (group of persons) is similar to the elements of a criminal offense, we are talking about different concepts. Elements of an international crime are considered primarily and mainly from the point of view of international law - a legal system that is fundamentally different from the domestic system of law. It must be qualified from four sides: subject, subjective side, object, objective side.
A study of these parties showed that international terrorism is a combination of the following acts committed in peace between states:
1. illegal and deliberate committing by a person (group of persons) in the territory of the state of a violent act in respect of protected, in accordance with international law, foreign state or international bodies or institutions, or their personnel, means of international transport and communications, other foreign and international objects;
2. unlawful and deliberate committing by a person (group of persons) of a violent act organized or encouraged by a foreign state in the territory of that state against national state bodies or public institutions, national political and public figures, the population or other objects in order to change the state or social system, provocation international conflicts and war.
An act of domestic terror is an act of an individual or group of individuals.
A terrorist in the Anti-Terrorism Act of 1998 is defined as "a person participating in any form of terrorist activity."
An act of international terrorism is also committed by an individual or group of individuals acting independently or in accordance with the instructions of the state, and is objectively directed against certain values \u200b\u200bthat are protected not only by national but also international law.
The act of domestic terrorism is considered a serious crime under the national law of the country - the place of the act.
An act of international terrorism is assessed as a crime not only by the criminal law of the state, but also, encroaching on international relations, by international law.
It should be noted that any terrorist act includes three elements:
terrorist, his victim (object of attack), as well as persons who serve as the object of influence. One of the main goals of a terrorist act is the psychological impact on individuals who are not directly victims of this criminal act.
A significant part of acts of terror is committed for the sake of obtaining material benefits (for example, hostage-taking for the purpose of obtaining a ransom), although they may hide behind other purposes.
The subjects of acts of terrorism are both single terrorists and members of terrorist groups, that is, relatively stable associations of individuals who have chosen methods of violence and terror to achieve their goals.
The Anti-Terrorism Act of 1998 defines a terrorist group as a group of people who have united to carry out terrorist activities, and a terrorist organization as an organization created to carry out terrorist activities or that recognize the possibility of using terrorism in their activities.
Terrorist groups may be part of criminal criminal associations engaged in illegal economic activities; liberation and pseudo-liberation left and right movements.
Terrorist groups (organizations) that commit acts of terrorism are very diverse: some of them act as executive bodies of liberation movements, others - in connection with conflict situations, domestic or international. Terrorist groups are capable of influencing the social and political life of a country, regions, and international relations. Terrorist groups are very different in their composition, goals and methods of action. Their ideological and political foundations are different, but they are united by the “platform” of violence and terrorism as a way to achieve immediate and strategic goals. At the same time, terrorist groups are part of organized crime.
A.I. Gurov defines organized crime as "the functioning of sustainable, managed communities and criminals involved in crime as a business and creating a system of protection against social control through corruption." The concepts of organized crime and terrorism coincide on several grounds:
1. the presence of associations of persons for the systematic engagement in criminal activity;
2. the use of corruption, attempts to influence politics, government and the economy;
3. a complex systemic and structural totality of the criminal world figures, as a stable association of a number of criminal groups into a criminal community for joint criminal activity;
4. the use of violence or other means of intimidation to achieve their goals.
The use of violence and the threat of violence is one of the main features that determine both terrorism and organized crime. In any case, the use of violence and other means of intimidation leads to the extraction of criminal and (less) non-criminal profit by organized criminal groups and communities. And for the use of force and the threat of force, militants, their own special groups and units that exist for the profit derived from organized crime are needed. So the circle closes. Economic crime is based on terror; terrorists are “fueled” by criminal profit.
Particular attention should be paid to the so-called groups of mercenary fighters, hiding behind the ideas of the national liberation movement to receive remuneration, for their criminal activities in the territory of many states. So groups of mercenaries acted on the territory of the Chechen Republic on the side of D. Dudaev during the armed confrontation with the federal authorities.
V.V. Aleshin writes: “In August 1996, at a meeting of the leadership of extremist groups from Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Yemen, held in Mogadishu (Somalia) by Iranian emissaries, it was decided to transfer from Chechnya from 500 to 700 militants from Arab countries during the fall of 1996 , Afghanistan, Pakistan. Currently, the North Caucasian Circassian community operates in Turkey, which unites 44 organizations of 1.5 million people. It includes Adyghe, Kabardin, Circassian, Chechens. During the conflict in Chechnya, representatives of the neo nokratno traveled to the war zone. In addition, there is evidence that SKCHO representatives have recruited mercenaries to Chechen armed groups. "
Acts of terrorism are crimes, that is, prohibited by national and international law. Thus, the groups committing them cannot claim the name of a liberation organization representing a nation (people) fighting for their liberation.
An atmosphere of fear is a necessary element of almost all types of terrorism. In many significant definitions, an act is regarded as an act of terrorism if it is committed for political purposes (complication of international relations, destabilization of the state law and order, impact on domestic and foreign policy, etc.)
However, today's realities require significant adjustments to this assessment of the issue under consideration. For example, at present, any acts of armed seizure of objects should be considered terrorist regardless of whether political demands were made or criminal goals were pursued.
The typology of terrorism may be based on the nature of the violence used, its scope, objects, motives, etc.
It is advisable to distinguish three types of terrorism: criminal, political and pathological.
1. Criminal terrorism represents acts committed with a view to gaining profit, non-political attempts on life, freedom, inviolability of the person, property, etc.
2. Political terrorism basically has political motivation, i.e. opposition to the existing system, conflicts with authorities, etc. According to statistics, this type of crime makes up about 20% of all types of unlawful interference in the activities of civil aviation.
3. Pathological terrorism is the result of mental disorders, mental abnormalities.
Terrorism of any kind, no matter how motivated it may be, no matter how politicized it may be, should be regarded as a criminal phenomenon, subject to a thorough criminological analysis.
Psychology of the personality of a terrorist and ideology.
A terrorist personality is characterized by a negative attitude, which occurs under the influence of a number of factors. First of all, they include the mismatch between the image of the ideal model of the world and himself in real reality and the possibilities of self-realization. This contradiction with the ideal is transformed into a subjective feeling of personal and social inadequacy; as a result, the position of "I am good, the world is bad" is characteristic of the terrorist’s personality. This position becomes a means of moral self-defense, allowing to justify any destructive actions. Thus, the activity of terrorists assumes the character of destructive self-realization. At the same time, through negation, a new speculative concept of self-righteousness is born, which minimizes the possibility of a positive impact on the terrorist group and the individual terrorist.
On this basis, destructive cults arise as a system of worldview and attitude. The core of destructive cults is usually composed of sincere fanatics who are ready to die for their beliefs.
Very relevant is a psychological analysis of the personality and behavior of single terrorists, who have recently raised many questions before the law enforcement systems of different countries, have been widely reflected in the media and have caused a great public response. The genesis of the formation and dynamics of the behavior of a single terrorist personality directly depends on such factors as upbringing, education, attitude, the possibility of self-realization in modern life, the society that surrounds this terrorist.
The mechanism of terror is embedded in a person very deeply, disguised by layers of verbal justification. More often than not, terrorist acts are triggered by a sense of hopelessness from the situation in which a certain minority has turned out, the psychological discomfort that prompts him to assess his situation as dramatic. This may be a national minority, such as, say, the Basques, Corsicans, Bretons, Irish. Or a minority uniting for some ideological beliefs or religious motives. In all cases, the motivation is similar: our people, our culture, our language, our faith are on the verge of extinction, and since no one hears our arguments, only the language of violence remains.
The organization of terror requires for the terrorist internal self-justification. The task is to involve a large mass of people for whom either the goals of terror are so high that they justify any means, or are so illegible in the means that they are ready to realize any task.
Through "sublime motives" usually involve youth who, due to mental and moral immaturity, easily accept radical national, social or religious ideas. They are most often involved through totalitarian (that is, completely suppressing the will of people and subordinating them only to the will of the “leader” “teachers”) religious or ideological sects such as “Aum Sinrique” or “Red Brigades”.
The prolonged stay of members of terrorist groups in a conspiratorial environment with intensive terrorist training, including special (leading to zombie) psychological processing technologies, leads to the emergence of a specific environment, which, by analogy with the criminal environment, can be called a terrorist environment with a special type of consciousness of people who make up this wednesday.
This is, firstly, a primitive, black and white, but religiously fanatical worldview, which almost never analyzes the ultimate goals and results of terror. Secondly - a feeling of superiority over the "mere mortals", which cancels or reduces legibility in the means of terror. Thirdly, low sensitivity in relation to their own and others' suffering, with high readiness to kill and die, and high terrorist training.
Unlike simple criminal environments, the terrorist environment certainly proclaims itself a leader in understanding and protecting certain higher ideals or interests and, as it were, takes upon itself the obligation to bring them to life. For the formulation and statement of these ideals to society, in every terrorist environment there is a group of “intellectual theoreticians” —the primary ideological center around which terrorist combat units are organized.
At the same time, opposition groups are made aware that in exchange for the obligations undertaken by the terrorist organization, these groups must also commit themselves to supporting terrorists. A kind of mutual responsibility arises, allowing terrorist leaders to demand from these groups financing, supplies, harboring, supplying recruits, etc. This directly or indirectly draws into large groups of the population, creating its social base and making it difficult for society to resist terrorism.
Such a terrorist environment, consisting of an ideological center, combat units and a social base, is already a fairly effective tool in the hands of those who control it. But this is not the threat that is recognized as one of the main problems of our time.
The causes of terrorism in modern Russia.
The causes of crime in any society are associated with social, socio-political and state-legal phenomena and processes that are objective in nature.
Terrorism and international terrorism are crimes and criminal phenomena, types of organized crime; therefore, they equally act in the sphere of economy, political sphere, and in the sphere of social relations in the ideological sphere.
A significant subjective factor or subjective causes of terrorism, understood as personal violations, omissions of objective processes in the legal activity of the state. All this can strengthen and deepen the difficulties and contradictions within the consciousness of society, and have a direct criminal effect on the consciousness of people.
The concept of national security of the Russian Federation, acting in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation since December 17, 1997, contains a number of definitions that determine the causes of terrorism and international terrorism in Russia. It must be emphasized that we are talking about the causes of any type of terrorism and international terrorism: political, "liberation", ethnic, religious, etc., since all of them not only pose a threat to the individual and the rule of law, but also pose a threat to state, national and international security.
The growing threat of terrorism in the Concept is associated with:
1. large-scale, often conflict redistribution of property;
2. the aggravation of the struggle for power based on group, political, ideological and ethno-nationalist interests. The political and economic circumstance — the redistribution of property in Russia — is an objective and subjective factor that creates a general criminal, and under certain circumstances terrogenic background. Numerous killings of entrepreneurs, assistants to deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, deputies themselves, are associated to a greater or lesser extent with the redistribution of property.
In 1996, Professor V. Serebryannikov determined the fundamental shifts in Russia that determine the likelihood of an increase in armed violence:
1. Creation of criminal capital by the new government through the authorized looting of state, public, collective-group and individual property;
2. the formation in the social structure of society of aggressive, expansionist, aggressive, predatory social groups and groups;
3. the formation of mechanisms for the implementation of policies consistent with the interests of these groups and groups, which cannot but rely on force, coercion, suppression of other social forces.
A vivid example of group, political, ideological and ethno-nationalist interests, on the one hand, and federal interests — on the other hand, as the causes of terrorism at the national intra-state regional level — is the North Caucasus.
For a long period of time, groups of people in the Chechen Republic have been fighting for power in the Republic and for leaving the Russian Federation .. One of the main methods is terrorist acts of all kinds: criminal, political, environmental, military, etc. In fact, abductions of people and equipment are carried out weekly; the situation is complicated by the presence of a large number of weapons in private hands. Particularly indignant is the slave trade, which has become a trade that provides financial support for gangs. There has been an increase in drug-related crimes, and the number of drug addicts has increased nine-fold. There is a connection between terrorists and the drug business. From Chechnya, active supply of criminal groups with weapons, ammunition, explosives used in crimes in other regions of Russia.
Control and prevention of terrorism.
Successful prevention and control of terrorism requires the efforts of all the main components of socio-political life, as well as the need for state-political will in order to achieve success in the fight against terrorism. All forms of control and warning should be interconnected and should complement each other.
At the present stage, there are such forms of warning as domestic political, legal, institutional and international political, legal and institutional control. Let us dwell in more detail on domestic control.
Domestic political control over terrorism and international terrorism includes:
A) the general criminal policy of the state;
B) anti-terrorism policy.
Under the general criminal policy of the state in relation to terrorism it should be understood: an independent direction of the state’s activity in the field of legislation governing the fight against crime, determining the structure of criminal justice bodies, the order and form of their functioning, the degree of public participation in the fight against crime.
To control and prevent terrorism in the state, there must be a program to counter terrorist violence, which includes:
Cooperation between law enforcement, investigative and judicial authorities;
Enhancing education and improving the training of law enforcement officials on crime prevention issues, including the development of special anti-terrorism training courses;
Providing effective control over weapons, ammunition, explosives and other hazardous materials that fall into the hands of individuals who could use them for terrorist purposes;
Enhanced cooperation between various law enforcement and judicial authorities with due regard to respect for fundamental human rights;
Developing programs of general legal education and raising public awareness by involving the media in order to clarify to the population the dangers of terrorist violence;
Effective protection of witnesses of terrorist acts, judges and criminal justice workers participating in lawsuits in cases of terrorist acts;
Development of guidelines for the media in order to prevent the creation of sensations and justify terrorist violence;
Identification of areas of cooperation between states in criminal matters at all levels of the law enforcement and criminal justice system.
The anti-terrorism policy of the state should be based on the following grounds:
Improving the legislative and international legal framework for the control of terrorism;
The combination of secrecy during counter-terrorism operations and acts with ensuring transparency in the activities of law enforcement agencies in the prevention of terrorism;
Ensuring full legal rights to all participants in the processes related to the control of terrorism;
Exercise of control in the conditions of national and international legality.
The interaction of law enforcement agencies and special units to prevent and combat terrorism;
Development and use of general and special methods for the social prevention of terrorist acts;
The use in the prevention of acts of terrorism and international terrorism of the achievements of legal, humanitarian, technical sciences.
Legal control is called upon in order to state-formally, legally formalize the legal framework for the fight and prevention of terrorism, through the adoption of special regulatory acts. These regulations should include principles such as:
1. legality:
2. The priority of measures to prevent terrorism;
3. the inevitability of punishment for carrying out terrorist activities;
4. The combination of public and unspoken methods of combating terrorism;
5. the integrated use of preventive legal, political, socio-economic, propaganda measures;
6. The priority of protecting the rights of persons at risk as a result of terrorist acts;
7. minimum concessions to terrorists;
8. one-man management in the management of the forces and means involved in counter-terrorism operations;
9. minimal publicity of techniques and tactics for counter-terrorism operations, as well as the composition of participants in these operations.
Institutional control involves the creation of systems that are aimed at combating and countering terrorism. In the Russian Federation, this system consists of two institutions: the institution of criminal justice and the national security system. The national security system of Russia is determined by the 1997 Concept of National Security of the Russian Federation
The basis of the system of ensuring Russia's national security is made up of bodies, forces and means that carry out political, economic, military and other measures aimed at ensuring the security of the individual, society and the state. The powers of the bodies and national security forces of the Russian Federation, their composition and structure are determined by the relevant legislative acts of the Russian Federation. The President of the Russian Federation manages, within the limits of his constitutional powers, the bodies and forces for ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation. The main subject of leadership in the fight against terrorism and providing it with the necessary forces in accordance with Article 6 of the Law on the Suppression of Terrorism of 1998 is the Government of the Russian Federation, and the entities directly involved in the fight against terrorism within their competence are: the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation; Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Federation; Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation; Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation; Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation; Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation. The main organizational and analytical work to control the problems of national security of Russia lies with the Security Council of the Russian Federation. It should also be noted that, to coordinate the activities of entities engaged in the fight against terrorism, in accordance with clause 6, clause 6 of the Law on the Suppression of Terrorism, in accordance with the decisions of the President of the Russian Federation or the decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation, anti-terrorism commissions can be created at the federal and regional levels.
The term "extremism" PACE was defined in 2003. According to this definition, "extremism is a form of political activity that, directly or indirectly, rejects the principles of parliamentary democracy."
Legal definition in Russia
In Russia, a legal definition of what actions are considered extremist is contained in Article 1 of Federal Law No. 114-FZ "On Countering Extremist Activities."
In accordance with the amendments of April 29, 2008, extremist activities (extremism) include:
· Violent change in the foundations of the constitutional system and violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation;
· Public justification of terrorism and other terrorist activities;
· The incitement of social, racial, national or religious hatred;
· Propaganda of exclusivity, superiority or inferiority of a person on the basis of his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;
· Violation of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of man and citizen, depending on his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;
· Preventing citizens from exercising their voting rights and the right to participate in a referendum or violating the secrecy of the vote, coupled with violence or the threat of its use;
· Obstruction of the legitimate activities of state bodies, local governments, election commissions, public and religious associations or other organizations, combined with violence or the threat of its use;
· Commission of crimes for the reasons specified in paragraph "e" of the first part of Article 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation;
· Propaganda and public display of Nazi paraphernalia or symbolism, or paraphernalia or symbolism similar to Nazi paraphernalia or symbolism to the point of confusion;
· Public calls for the implementation of these acts or the mass distribution of obviously extremist materials, as well as their production or storage for mass distribution;
· Public knowingly false accusation of a person holding a public office of the Russian Federation or a public office of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation of having committed the offenses specified in this article and constituting a crime during the performance of their duties;
· Organization and preparation of these acts, as well as incitement to their implementation;
· Financing of these acts or other assistance in their organization, preparation and implementation, including by providing training, printing and material and technical base, telephone and other types of communications or the provision of information services.
Basic principles of countering extremist activities
Countering extremist activities is based on the following principles: recognition, observance and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, as well as the legitimate interests of organizations; legality; publicity; security priority of the Russian Federation; the priority of measures aimed at preventing extremist activity; state cooperation with public and religious associations, other organizations, citizens in countering extremist activities; inevitability of punishment for carrying out extremist activities.
The main directions of countering extremist activities
Countering extremist activities is carried out in the following main areas: taking preventive measures aimed at preventing extremist activities, including the identification and subsequent elimination of the causes and conditions conducive to extremist activities; identification, prevention and suppression of extremist activity of public and religious associations, other organizations, individuals.
Subjects of counteraction to extremist activity
Federal bodies of state power, bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, bodies of local self-government participate in countering extremist activities within their competence.
Extremist Prevention
In order to counter extremist activity, federal government bodies, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local authorities within their competence, as a matter of priority, carry out preventive, including educational, propaganda, measures aimed at preventing extremist activity.
Responsibility of officials, state and municipal employees for their extremist activities
Statements by an official, as well as another person who is in state or municipal service, about the need, admissibility, possibility or desirability of carrying out extremist activities made publicly, either in the performance of official duties, or indicating the position held, as well as non-acceptance by the official in accordance with its competence in measures to suppress extremist activity entails liability established by the legislation of the Russian Federation. The relevant state bodies and senior officials are obligated to immediately take the necessary measures to hold accountable the persons who committed the actions specified in the first part of this article.
Responsibility for extremist activities
For carrying out extremist activities, citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons bear criminal, administrative and civil law responsibility in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation. In order to ensure state and public security on the grounds and in the manner provided for by federal law, a person who participated in extremist activities may be restricted by court decision access to the state and municipal service, military service under contract and law enforcement agencies, and also to work in educational institutions and engage in private detective and security activities. In the event that the head or member of the governing body of a public or religious association or other organization makes a public statement calling for extremist activity, without indicating that it is his personal opinion, as well as in the event of the entry into force of such a person’s sentence courts for an extremist crime, the relevant public or religious association or other organization must within five days from the day when the said statement was made, ublichno express their disagreement with the statements or actions of such a person. If the relevant public or religious association or other organization does not make such a public statement, this may be considered as a fact indicating the presence of signs of extremism in their activities. Yes.
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in MOU secondary school with. Reshetino had a conversation with students
“What is extremism and terrorism?”
Humanity has always fought. Over the past five thousand years, about 15,000 large and small wars have been recorded, in which several billion people died. Almost 70 years ago the battles of the Great Patriotic War died down. Destroying the Nazis, our fathers and grandfathers dreamed and firmly believed that after the victory on the planet there would be no more wars and an amazing time of universal brotherhood would come. Victory was won, but universal peace never came.
Local wars and military conflicts related to religious, territorial and national disputes continue. In our seemingly peaceful life, such an ominous phenomenon as terrorism is invading ever more insistently. Terrorism is also a war. And no one is safe from him. Including us.
Some time ago, scary words such as "terrorism" and "extremism". Now every child already knows what is hidden behind these concepts.
From the explanatory dictionary, the etymology of the term "extremism" finds its roots in the Latin language ( extremus - translates as extreme). We are talking about extreme views, measures and methods, including terrorist acts.
Terrorism “terror” translates as “horror” (intimidation by death, killings and all the horrors of fury). In general, by this word we now most often understand the policy of individual associations based on the use of terror.
The rise of extremism is a serious threat to stability and public safety. International terrorism is a set of socially dangerous acts on an international scale, involving meaningless deaths of people, violating the normal diplomatic activities of states and their representatives and making it difficult to establish international contacts and meetings, as well as transport links between states. Let's try to understand the causes of extremism and terrorism. We will find out who makes up the social base of extremism and terrorism.
The causes of extremism include the following:
This large property stratification of the population, it leads to the fact that society ceases to function as a whole organism, united by common goals, ideas, values.
This is an increase in social tension.
This is a decrease in the ideological component in the educational process, which led to the loss of moral values.
This lack of spirituality lacks clear ideas about the history and prospects of the country's development, the loss of a sense of ownership and responsibility for the fate of the homeland.
The social base of extremist groups is made up of people who have not been able to adapt to new living conditions. Young people are not able to critically approach the content of publications in the media, due to the lack of life experience, they were most exposed to this influence. This is a very good environment for extremist groups. Most youth extremist groups are informal. A number of their members have a vague idea of \u200b\u200bthe ideological background of extremist movements. Loud phraseology, external paraphernalia and other accessories, the opportunity to feel like a member of a kind of "secret society", which has the right to punish unpunished group of people with impunity, all this attracts young people.
Extremism - This is a complex and heterogeneous form of expression of hatred and enmity.
Distinguish the following types of extremism:political, national, religious.
National extremism acts under the slogans of protecting “one’s people”, its economic interests, cultural values, as a rule, to the detriment of representatives of other nationalities living in the same territory.
Religious extremism is understood as intolerance towards dissenting representatives of the same or different religions. In recent years, the problem of Islamic extremism has intensified.
Political extremism is a movement or movement against the existing constitutional order.
What about extremist crimes?
it public calls for extremist activities; incitement to hatred or enmity, as well as humiliation of human dignity, organization of an extremist community, etc.
Manifestations of extremist activity
· Terrorism is an extreme manifestation of extremism. This is a violent phenomenon that threatens the life and health of citizens.
· Nationalism is a form of social unity based on the idea of \u200b\u200bnational superiority and national exclusivity.
· Racism is a set of concepts based on the provisions on the physical and mental inequality of human races and on the decisive influence of racial differences on the history and culture of human society.
· Fascism is an ideology and practice that asserts the superiority and exclusivity of a particular nation or race and aimed at inciting ethnic intolerance, discrimination, the use of violence and terrorism, and the establishment of a cult of a leader.
Criminal liability for these crimes arises from 16 years. The degree of criminal liability depends on the severity of the crime - a fine from one hundred thousand rubles to imprisonment (from six months to life imprisonment).
Extremism means adherence to extreme forms of resolving social conflicts; therefore, it allows and justifies the need to use violent methods, including various manifestations of terrorism.
That is, terrorism is the extreme and most dangerous form of extremism.
Terrorism is the deliberate use of illegal (illegitimate) violence (most often with a deliberate orientation to a spectacular, dramatic effect) on the part of a group seeking thereby to achieve certain goals that are obviously unattainable in a legitimate way.
There are several types of terrorism.
Ideological terrorism. The presence of two camps (power and revolutionaries dissatisfied with it - terrorists). For example: Russian populists, French anarchists, German conservatives, Bolsheviks, fascists, neo-fascist attacks in Italy in the late 70s, the Red Brigades and the Red Army in Germany, etc.
Ethnic terrorism. Ethnic minorities see terrorism as the only way to state their demands in conditions where full political participation in determining one’s fate in another way is not possible. . Ethno-terrorism may be racial in nature. The most striking examples are Sicilian separatists, Irish, Kurds, Karabakh Armenians and Chechens.
Religious terrorism . Religious minorities or an active avant-garde, who recognized the hostile influence of the authorities, are performing. The basis of the humiliation of the "infidels", representatives of another religion. The most extreme formulations are “chosen ones”, “saved”, “damned”. The classic examples of such terrorism are Zionist terrorism in Palestine and modern Islamic terrorism.
Criminal terrorism . Most often, such terrorism is accompanied by a semi-political demand. For example: the provision of vehicles in order to leave a certain area, the release of prisoners and so on. Examples: Bolshevik and anarchist raiders, and robbers, US ethnic mafia (Jewish, Sicilian and Chinese), extremists taking banks, etc.
Individual terror . This is not a loner - a revolutionary, not a loner - a nationalist, not a loner - a religious fanatic, not a loner - a criminal, but a man in the independence of his ideological orientation, harming society.
The terrorist act does not know in advance its specific victims, for it is directed, first of all, against the state. Its task is to subordinate the state, its organs, the entire public, to force them to fulfill the demands of terrorists and the individuals and organizations behind them.
How not to become a victim of a terrorist attack?
About this, about the basic rules of conduct in the face of the threat of terrorist acts.Avoid visiting regions, cities, places and events where terrorist attacks are possible. Such a region, for example, the North Caucasus. Visiting crowded places, crowded events, you should be careful and civic vigilance.
Pay attention to suspicious objects left by someone (bag, box, suitcase, etc.).
If you find something like this, do not touch, do not open, fix the time, notify the administration, wait for the arrival of the police.
If you heard shots being at home, what should be your first steps: do not enter the room from which the shots are heard, do not stand at the window, inform the law enforcement authorities about the shots by phone.
If you received a threat by phone, you need to remember the conversation, assess the age of the speaker, the pace of speech, voice, record the time, and contact the law enforcement authorities after the call.
If you are among the hostages, then you need to remember that your main goal is to stay alive. Do not allow tantrums, do not try to resist. Do nothing without permission, remember - special services have begun to operate.
Today, extremism and its extreme form of manifestation of terrorism are a real threat to the national security of the Russian Federation. There is an increase in informal youth movements of an extremist orientation. Currently, members of informal youth organizations (groups) of an extremist-nationalist orientation are young people aged 14 to 30 years old, often minors 14 to 18 years old.
The future of the country largely depends on who wins the “battle for the minds and hearts” of the younger generation. Only the efforts of the whole society can create a reliable barrier to the spread of extremism.Extremism and terrorism
Citizens and residents of our country often have questions: What can not be painted on the walls or posted on the Internet in fear of criminal prosecution? What statements or publications are extremist and criminal in nature? What violations of current legislation aimed at countering extremism are most often allowed and by whom are they allowed? What liability is provided for these violations? What are the dangers of the global Internet in terms of the spread of extremism? How to protect yourself and your children from a criminal record for, at times, thoughtless actions?
Despite the relatively stable situation in our area, the fight against extremism and issues of compliance with the legislation on countering extremist activities are today an important and relevant topic.
Violations of the legislation on countering terrorism and extremist activity are detected by prosecution authorities quite often and all of them contribute to extremist manifestations, when the situation can get out of control and lead to serious consequences.
As you know, it is better to prevent a more serious crime than to take measures to compensate for the harm caused by it and to punish the perpetrators. Moreover, the damage caused by such crimes can often be irreversible.
In order to fight extremism, you need to know what it is. The term "extremism" comes from the Latin word extremus - which means extreme. In politics, for example, this is a commitment to extreme views and, in particular, measures.
The Law "On Countering Extremist Activities" dated 07.25.2002114-ФЗ (as amended on 07.21.2014) provides for a legal definition of this concept. In particular, extremist activity means 11 signs listed in the law:
forcibly changing the foundations of the constitutional system and violating the integrity of the Russian Federation;
public justification of terrorism and other terrorist activities;
incitement to social, racial, national or religious hatred;
propaganda of exclusivity, superiority or inferiority of a person on the basis of his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;
violation of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a person and a citizen, depending on these factors;
commission of crimes for the specified reasons;
propaganda and public demonstration of Nazi paraphernalia or symbols, or similar to them to the point of confusion, as well as symbols and paraphernalia of extremist organizations;
public calls for the implementation of these acts or the mass distribution of knowingly extremist materials, as well as their production or storage for mass distribution;
organization and preparation of these acts, as well as incitement to their implementation;
financing of these acts or other assistance in their organization.
This is not an exhaustive list of circumstances covered by the concept of extremist activity.
If such phenomena as the commission of a terrorist act, its public justification, the demonstration of fascist symbolism as a form of extremism are more or less understood, then we would like to clarify in more detail what does incitement to social, racial, national or religious hatred? Or, for example, propaganda of the superiority of a person on the basis of his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion?
If you explain these phenomena in simple words, you cannot, for example, give a negative assessment to a person, and even less humiliate him, just because he belongs to a different nationality, race, has a different faith, speaks a different language, has a different skin color, even if just belongs to another social group.
In general, a social group is an association of people who have a common significant social attribute based on their participation in some activity related to a system of relations. Well, for example, such groups can be classified depending on the profession, income level, involvement in any cultural values, etc. Therefore, one cannot, for example, treat a person negatively, and even more so, to promote this attitude only because he works in a specific field. For example, in the police, or in the prosecutor’s office, etc.
Advocacy of human superiority on the basis of these characteristics can be expressed in various ways.
For example, it can be statements simply verbally or in writing: including on paper, on the Internet, in SMS messages, on walls in the porch, and other places where other citizens have access. Or it may be unlawful acts committed for the indicated reasons, including crimes.
What are extremist materials, how can a citizen determine which materials are extremist so as not to break the law by accidentally distributing a document, audio or video file, which, it turns out, is recognized as extremist material?
The most common is extremist activity related to the mass distribution of extremist materials. And such a distribution is increasingly taking place on the Internet. The Internet is a rather dangerous thing, since the worldwide network contains not only positive information, but also extremely negative information prohibited by law. Due to the lack of legal education, citizens sometimes thoughtlessly post on the Internet, including on social networks, those materials that are recognized as extremist, without realizing that they commit a crime in this way. Here, of course, it should be noted which materials are extremist.
Extremist materials - documents or information on other media intended for publication, calling for extremist activities or justifying or justifying the need for such activities, including the works of the leaders of the National Socialist Workers Party of Germany, the Nazi Party of Italy, publications substantiating or justifying the national and (or) racial superiority or justifying the practice of committing military or other crimes aimed at fully e or partial destruction of any ethnic, social, racial, national or religious group. Information materials are recognized as extremist by the federal court at the place of their discovery. The federal list of extremist materials is to be posted on the Internet, on the website of the Russian Ministry of Justice.
For example, the extremist material is Adolf Hitler's book “My Struggle” (in German “Mein Kampf”). Law enforcement agencies often revealed the facts of its distribution via the Internet in electronic form and criminal cases were initiated on these facts.
The acclaimed film "Innocence of Muslims", almost "blew up" the Muslim community around the world. You probably remember how in one of the Arab countries after watching it, locals killed the American ambassador. Therefore, the consequences of unlimited access to extremist materials can be very serious.
The Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation filed a lawsuit to recognize the film as extremist material in Russia. The claim is satisfied.
The list posted on the website of the Ministry of Justice of Russia is constantly updated, published in the "Rossiyskaya Gazeta". Currently, there are already about 2,000 extremist materials. These are various books, brochures, Internet sites, separate electronic pages, audio and video files, information on other media, recognized by the court as extremist material.
For actions aimed at inciting hatred or enmity, as well as humiliating the dignity of a person or group of people on the grounds of sex, race, nationality, language, origin, religion, as well as belonging to a social group, if such actions are performed in public or using the media, article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for criminal liability.
Actions to disseminate extremist materials, including on the Internet, fall within the scope of the crime, even if the citizen did not create these materials himself, but simply, for example, posted on his page on social networks, if it is established that this was done in order to initiate hatred or enmity on the basis of the indicated signs.
The mere fact of the spread of extremist material on the Internet already indicates that a citizen is aware that he will become available to an indefinite number of people and can contribute to inciting hatred.
Public distribution of extremist materials means not only distribution through the Internet, but also through various file-sharing networks, etc. Any way of communicating information when it becomes available to an unlimited number of persons is public dissemination.
Current legislation establishes the need to restrict access to information containing extremist material in the provision of communication services. Therefore, Internet providers should definitely take measures to restrict access to Internet resources that contain extremist materials.
Unfortunately, Internet service providers do not always take such measures. Some providers have no restrictions on certain prohibited sites! Please watch, read, download, copy, distribute.
The prosecution authorities are checking both educational institutions and libraries for compliance with legislation on countering extremism. Almost all educational institutions and libraries have access to the Internet for students, readers, etc. Despite the fact that Internet providers must restrict access to extremist materials, but as we know, they do not always do this, educational institutions should set content filters, or otherwise restrict access to these Internet resources. In addition, libraries are known to have a book fund. Unfortunately, it is not always properly and timely checked for the presence of literature recognized as extremist material. That is, the reader can easily read it.
Prosecutors to Internet providers, educational institutions, libraries that have not ensured compliance with the requirements of the law, can take different measures to respond to the idea of \u200b\u200beliminating violations of the law to the heads of relevant organizations. It is practiced by prosecutors in courts with claims to restrict access to relevant materials. In addition, measures can be taken to bring to administrative and criminal liability.
As a rule, the facts of the placement of extremist materials on the Internet are revealed by the bodies of the federal security service and the internal affairs bodies. The system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs has a Center for Countering Extremism. They have special equipment and capabilities to detect such crimes. Therefore, it is naive to believe that if a person has posted something illegal on the Internet, law enforcement agencies will not know about it. Do not flatter yourself.
It is also important to deal with the prevention of extremism. It is necessary to strengthen the system of legal education in educational institutions, to explain to children in an accessible language what extremism is, how dangerous it is, and what responsibility can come for violating the law on countering extremism. Sometimes it’s very a pity for young citizens who foolishly committed a thoughtless act, and then received a criminal record, broke their destiny. In schools on the specified topics, outreach is not sufficiently effective. Children, as a rule, are given general ideas about the law, responsibility for its violation. Clarification of the legislation on countering extremism requires a more detailed approach. And even a simple teacher of social studies sometimes has insufficient skills for legal education on the specified subject.
The facts of committing such crimes, especially by students of educational institutions, are also a kind of flaw in their legal education. It is important to have time to clarify, stop, warn people from rash actions in time, work not to increase indicators, but to improve the state of legality in this area.
The problem of extremism is also relevant for rural areas. Now many people use the Internet, even in the most remote places, which opens up wide opportunities for manifestations of extremism, and therefore it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive fight against extremist manifestations at all levels of government and throughout the country.
Much also depends on the education of the person himself, his education and enlightenment in certain issues. And education, as you know, begins in the family. You must always think carefully before you say, write, post on the Internet or do. And parents in time to warn their children that thoughtless actions and toys with social networks can be expensive.
Corruption
Unfortunately, every year more and more we are talking about the manifestations of the so-called “everyday corruption”. This term refers to the transfer of funds, property, the provision of services to officials of educational institutions (schools, kindergartens), sports, medical institutions in other institutions and organizations whose employees they encounter in everyday life.
The forms of expression “household corruption” are different. The most common are the urgent requirements for the provision of “sponsorship” assistance to the institution, for example, for repairs, equipment, and so on. The person who received such an offer, as a rule, agrees to it, because he is afraid of negative consequences for himself and his relatives (they will find fault with the child in school or kindergarten, they will not pay enough attention to the medical institution, and so on). And in some cases, a person may not suspect that the demand from the scoundrel, including for solving a certain issue, is illegal, and those actions for which he pays money must be performed for him free of charge: carrying out repairs for which they collect money financed from the budget, books, equipment, medicines that should be purchased should be provided to him free of charge.
Household corruption is one of the most dangerous types of corruption, not only in connection with its spread, but also because for many people it becomes almost the norm: people are starting to get used to the fact that in schools and kindergartens and hospitals they need to »Money. This in many respects complicates the work of law enforcement agencies in identifying and combating corruption: information about such facts is simply not received by law enforcement agencies.
Sometimes people who encounter manifestations of corruption are afraid to report such facts to law enforcement agencies, as they are in a certain dependence on officials, and prefer to fulfill the illegal requirements of officials, as “the child is still studying here”, “I still have to be treated here” , "But you never know, suddenly when you still have to turn."
This is what unscrupulous officials use. At the same time, it is necessary to realize that the fulfillment of the unlawful demands of officials, silence about the existing manifestations of corruption, only aggravates the current situation and the situation of the person faced with its manifestations.
Please report to all prosecutors of Pachelmsky district about all known manifestations of corruption - p. Pachelma, st. Dragunova, 75, phone 2-23-83. Anonymous requests are also accepted. For each message received, a check will be carried out.
Only through joint efforts of citizens and law enforcement agencies can corruption be overcome in its various manifestations.
Deputy District Attorney
class 1 lawyer Nikulin
This concept is closely related to extremes. Extremism is a commitment in ideology and politics to extreme positions in views and the choice of the same means to achieve certain goals. The term means "limit", "critical", "incredible", "extreme". Extremism is a trend that opposes existing communities, structures and institutions, trying to violate their stability, to eliminate in order to achieve their goals. This is done mainly by force. Extremism is not only a neglect of generally accepted rules, norms, laws, but also a negative social phenomenon.
Manifestation
In politics, extremism is manifested in a desire to undermine the stability of existing social structures and political institutions. Often this is done with the help of demagogy, calls for violence, terrorist acts and guerrilla warfare. Extremists are characterized by uncompromisingness, intransigence to the position of their opponents, and rejection of dialogue and consensus on controversial issues. The ideological and theoretical basis of extremism are radical ideological concepts, religious fundamentalism, nationalism. Extremist leaders, as a rule, demand from their supporters complete obedience and unquestioning execution of any orders. This is usually based on the manipulation of public consciousness, the use of the characteristics of collective psychology, including appealing to the primitive instincts of the crowd, feelings, beliefs, and prejudices of people. Extremism is closely connected with radicalism, therefore both of these terms are often used as synonyms. Like radicalism, extremism is divided into “left,” “right,” “religious,” “nationalist,” etc.
Terrorism
Terrorism is a policy based on the systematic use of terror. Despite the legal force of the term “terrorism”, its definition remains ambiguous to this day]. Synonyms of the word "terror" (lat. Terror - fear, horror) are the words "violence", "intimidation", "intimidation".
In the law of Russia, terrorism is defined as the ideology of violence and the practice of influencing public consciousness, decision-making by public authorities, local authorities or international organizations related to force, intimidation of the population and / or other forms of unlawful violence. In US law, it is a premeditated, politically-motivated violence committed against civilians or objects by subnational groups at the federal level or by clandestine agents, usually with the aim of influencing the mood of society.
Forms of Terrorism
Explosive use for terrorist purposes
According to the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, for eight months of 2001, 811 criminal explosions thundered in our country, 423 of them in Chechnya.
It is worth noting that the rest - in the Stavropol Territory, in the republics of North Ossetia - Alania, Dagestan, in the Astrakhan, Bryansk regions and other regions. During this period, 133 cases of detection and seizure of improvised explosive devices and explosives were recorded. For six months of 2001, eight terrorist acts were committed in the Stavropol Territory. The last two explosions occurred on April 23, 2001 at the city cemetery in Essentuki. Explosive devices were hidden under piles of garbage, and their power was equivalent to 200 g of TNT. At March 24, 2001, explosions rang out simultaneously in Mineralnye Vody, Essentuki and Cherkessk, resulting in 24 deaths and 150 injuries.
According to the FSB of Russia, in 2002, the United Group of Forces (forces) with the participation of employees of the federal security service in the Chechen Republic discovered and seized over 4.5 thousand firearms, 2.5 thousand grenade launchers, 18 thousand grenades, 10 thousand artillery shells, 3 million pieces of ammunition, 2 tons of explosives.
The reasons why terrorists prefer the use of explosive devices are obvious: as a result of the explosion, the "effectiveness" of the terrorist attack is ensured, i.e. significant damage is done.
The manufacture of an explosive device does not require significant financial and material costs. The ability to use explosive devices with remote control and clockwork increases the safety of terrorists. Excluding the above, the bombings are invariably widely covered by the media, which is of no small importance for terrorists.
Explosive devices can be used to destroy vehicles (aircraft and ships, railway transport facilities, etc.), as well as to destroy other targets outside of transport.
It should be noted the special danger of the considered method of committing a terrorist attack. Information about such crimes, the threat of their recurrence and the high probability of using suicide bombers have a serious psychological impact on various groups of the population.
Aircraft hijacking and other criminal interference with civil aviation
By the way, this form of terrorism (hijacking, aircraft bombing) leads to significant casualties and attracts the attention of the media. This explains the fact that a significant part of terrorist acts is hijacking, hijacking, destruction of aircraft and other attacks on the safety of civil aviation.
By the way, this form of terrorism is better known under the name “air terrorism”, “air piracy”, “air gangsterism”. Strictly speaking, these terms will not be legal concepts, and not one of them is enshrined in international legal sources.
On the other hand, the considered form of terrorism consists of hijacking, hijacking of aircraft, as well as other illegal interference in the activities of civil aviation. Capture refers to the violent possession of an aircraft on the ground. Its purpose is the subsequent hijacking of an aircraft.
Note that terrorists seize the ship by attacking the persons guarding it on the ground, or by attacking the crew during the flight. The latter option is used most often. Moreover, control over the control of an aircraft in flight, with a view to subsequently changing its course, is established by using violence (or the threat of violence) both in relation to the crew and to passengers.
An equally dangerous manifestation of this form of terrorism will be acts covered by the concept of “other unlawful interference in the activities of civil aviation”: explosions of aircraft in flight or on the ground, transmission of false signals from a criminal beacon on board an aircraft, etc.
Capture and hijacking of a ship, and other criminal interference in the activity of international shipping
Captures, detentions and robberies of sea merchant and other civilian ships, their crews and passengers (piracy) has a long history.
Maritime terrorism, which began to threaten peace and security from the beginning of the 60s of the XX century, and piracy are not completely identical phenomena. The content of these two concepts partially coincides. This is the case when the same act (hijacking of a ship) falls under the piracy standards of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation against International Terrorism.
However, there are differences in their goals and objective side. Piracy is always committed for personal (usually mercenary) purposes.
The subject of piracy is a person who is a crew member or passenger of a private-owned vessel, as well as property on board the vessel and the vessel itself. But provided that the sea vessel is in the open sea. And for qualification as an act of “maritime terrorism” in the Republic of Thailand with the Convention and Protocol signed in Rome in 1988, no action is required.
An example of maritime terrorism is the capture by terrorists of the Italian sea liner Achille Lauro.
Hostage taking
From a data-logical standpoint in Russian, the word “hostage” is interpreted as “a person forcibly detained by someone to ensure that any requirements or obligations are fulfilled by the state or organization to which the person belongs”.
Planning a hostage-taking operation is characterized by the following actions:
defines the goal of capture, possible ways to achieve it;
partners are selected;
required funds are being sought;
the object is selected, its exploration is carried out
there will be a presence of protection, means of communication, routes of movement;
the place of attack is planned;
taking into account the degree of risk when capturing an object;
participants of the terrorist action stand out.
As an example of hostage-taking, one can cite the case in Rostov-on-Don, in which four terrorists, having previously seized a bus with a driver, broke into a school building and threatened with weapons, took the children and the teacher out of the classroom, and put them in bus and declared hostage. The criminals put forward a demand to provide them with a Mi-8 helicopter to go to Iran. Minors were chosen as hostages, which objectively served as a guarantee of security for terrorists and was supposed to contribute to the achievement of their goals.
The motives and goals of the criminals are essential. In a number of cases, hostage-takers put forward “combined” demands: ransom payments and political demands. Meanwhile, terrorists, whose psyche is disturbed, are capable of irrational, unpredictable acts, which should be taken into account when negotiating with them, preparing and conducting actions to take hostages.
Recently, in Russia, the CIS, and many Western countries, such a form of terrorism as taking hostages for blackmailing state and law enforcement agencies is often mentioned.
Other forms of terrorism
Other forms of terrorism can also be noted: “nuclear terrorism”, “chemical terrorism”, “environmental terrorism”, and “biological terrorism”.
The so-called "psychological terrorism" has become widespread.
Note that the terrorists are well aware that they do not always have the need for mass killings of people. The desired result can be achieved if an illusion is created, for example, of possessing deadly weapons and the willingness to use them. Based on all of the above, we come to the conclusion that through psychological blackmail, pressure is exerted on the public.
In the practice of the law enforcement bodies of the Russian Federation, cases of such a phenomenon as sending anonymous letters to officials and state institutions with threats of acts of sabotage in case of failure to comply with the requirements for the payment of large sums of money have become more frequent.
For example, on September 4, 1997, on the eve of the celebration of the 850th anniversary of Moscow, a previously convicted resident of the Moscow Region was detained four times earlier. The night before, he called the call center on duty in the Southern District and said that an important message for the Moscow mayor was hidden in the dilapidated Zaporozhets on Krivorozhskaya Street. The letter was in the appointed place, it was reported that the author of the message had installed 12 powerful explosive charges under large buildings in different parts of Moscow, which should work on the day of the holiday. Only 20 million US dollars could save the capital from the disaster. When the terrorist was detained, no explosive devices were found.
Recently, a new form of terrorism, such as cyber terrorism (electronic, computer terrorism), has been causing concern among law enforcement agencies and scientists involved in terrorism. Cyberterrorism is understood as a deliberate motivated attack on information processed by a computer, computer system or network, which poses a danger to the life and health of people or the onset of other grave consequences if such actions were committed with the aim of violating public safety, intimidating the population, or provoking a military conflict.
The emergence of this form of terrorism is associated with the intensive development of the Internet and the expansion of the number of its users. So, in the USA there are 158 million people, in Europe - 95, in Asia - 90, in Latin America - 14, in Africa - 3. In Russia, according to various estimates, the number of Internet users is about 8 million. The Internet today covers 150 countries.
Law enforcement agencies are particularly concerned about acts of terrorism involving the use of the global Internet.
Cyber \u200b\u200bterrorists under the guise of protection programs spread viruses, thus gaining control over the computers of the police, hospitals, and airports. Using the information in these systems, they knock down airplanes, change the medical history of patients, thus killing people.
This is a brief description of the main forms of manifestation of terrorism. Do not forget that it will be important to say, ɥᴛᴏ with all the variety of these forms, terrorism has one goal - to make the authorities and people hostages of their interests, causing the population a sense of fear, panic, and insecurity.
Causes of terrorism
A) Socio-economic reasons
1) a noticeable decline in living standards, combined with an unprecedented increase in social differentiation, which cause such socio-psychological factors as anger, envy, hatred, nostalgia for the past, etc .;
2) economic and energy crisis, rising prices, inflation;
3) the crisis situation of a number of social and professional groups, especially the military, with military experience and people with experience working with explosive devices and explosives;
4) an increase in unemployment, which causes problems of migration, vagrancy, psychological and professional degradation and disorientation of an individual in a market economy, etc .;
5) the widespread use of weapons, military training, and specific military attitudes among the population, associated with the participation of a significant part of the military in real combat events (the Afghan and Chechen wars), and with the forced reprofiling of many special services workers, often finding themselves in criminal structures. The availability of weapons and a large number of military seekers;
6) the undermining or overthrow of their government (for example, the activities of the West German “Red Army Faction” (RAF) and the Italian “Red Brigades”);
7) national self-affirmation (for example, the activities of the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA))
8) dissemination by the media of ideas and views leading to the growth of violence, inequality and intolerance, instilling into the population the omnipotence and permissiveness of terrorists, etc.
B) Political reasons
At the same time, in international and domestic terrorism the most significant manifestation of political terrorism. The leading role in the determination of political terrorism, as well as all political crime, is occupied by political reasons. In the work of P.A. Kabanova indicated many political reasons. We call, from our point of view, the main ones:
1) repression by the ruling elite in relation to opposition political parties;
2) the imposition by the ruling elite of non-traditional for a given society sociopolitical innovations;
3) the aggravation of internal political conflicts within the state itself;
4) the clash of political interests of the two states in any region;
5) errors in national policy made by the government;
6) targeted incitement of ethnic hatred by individuals, groups, parties (for example, the Wahhabi movement);
7) aggression against another state and its occupation in most cases entails armed resistance of the civilian population (partisans) using terrorist methods (explosions of important objects, arson, etc.);
8) the promotion of terrorism at the level of state policy, as Libya, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan do;
9) dissatisfaction with the activities of the government of foreign states, in connection with which terrorist acts are committed against its representatives and institutions.
C) Religious reasons
Currently, religious intolerance (religious fanaticism) is especially widespread. In the early 1990s, there were 52 mosques in the republic, in 10 years it became 1,500. This is not a crime, but one must ask who preaches and what they preach, what ideas sound there?
It is known that many religious workers studied in Saudi Arabia under the supervision of special services, both Arab and others, which brought ideas of warlike Wahhabism.
In his work “Psychology of Terrorism” D.V. Olshansky writes: Terror is characterized by fanaticism, an extremely narrowed perception of reality, rejection of different from the "only true" views, true faith. Fanaticism is divided into political, ideological and religious. Religious fanaticism is based on the absolute belief that after the murder of "infidels" - the killer goes to heaven. This is inculcated in the consciousness of believers from childhood: in the family, and at school, and in mosques. Therefore, they so decisively go to the murder and certain death of a female suicide bomber.
For the most part, it is women who act as suicide bombers. “Terrorists are programmed people from the cradle,” says A. Dobrovich, a psychiatrist (Izvestia September 13, 2005). These people, brought up in a completely mythized world, divided into ours (clan, people, faith) and strangers. Ours are on the side of goodness, light and purity. Aliens are on the side of evil, darkness and evil. A shahid in his own eyes, in the eyes of his entourage is not a murderer at all. He is a cleansing fire. For a shahid, the death ahead of him is not death at all, but a second overcoming of pain before finding eternal life in paradise. He parted with loved ones, but in paradise someday a martyr will meet with them, his feat and they will be counted. In Paradise, a Muslim youth of 14-18 years of age during puberty is promised a society of 72 beautiful gurias. And on sinful earth, he, crushed by all kinds of religious and tribal, sexual prohibitions, needs to work hard for years to earn a ransom for the bride.
D) Corruption
It is impossible not to say about the failed work of our special services. Lost any operational information, awareness. We lost agent. We have poor intelligence. And, today, returning everything is not so simple. And without this, the special services cannot do anything. In addition, they lost their professionalism, the leadership of law enforcement agencies is selected on the basis of acquaintance, on the principles of fraternity with the President, personal loyalty and servility to him. Smart, sensible people must be selected not only in St. Petersburg, but in all of great Russia. We have a lot of them.
And one more feature. Our law enforcement and judicial systems are primarily aimed at serving and protecting the authorities, and not protecting people, society from violence, from terrorists. Until the special services stop running after Ampil’s grandmothers, Komsomol members, and really engage in terrorists, our people do not have to wait for security.
The President admitted: the law enforcement judicial system is mired in corruption and bribery.
Corruption bloomed in a double color after the reform that the President proposed. Lifetime, irremovability of judges, on the one hand, gives them confidence in their actions, but on the other, it is a guarantee of permissiveness, inaccessibility of judges. The judicial system today is formed on the principle of a vicious circle, boils in its own juice, essentially removed from external control and inevitably must rot from the inside.
Now the President has finally recognized. But to admit is not enough. The first step is to make the second change what is bad.
It's no secret that our law enforcement agencies are very poorly equipped. Their social security is unsatisfactory. Their low wages and deprivation of even those meager benefits that they had and slightly brightened their lives.
Counterterrorism
Specialists investigating the problem of terrorism identify two possible strategies for combating terrorism - “progressive” and “conservative”:
A “conservative” strategy implies partial concessions to the demands of terrorists - payment of ransom, territorial and moral concessions (for example, recognition of values \u200b\u200bsupported by terrorists, recognition of terrorist leaders as equal negotiating partners, etc.).
A "progressive" strategy means the unconditional destruction of terrorists and their supporters, as well as encouraging people who cooperate with "democratic" states in their fight against terror, refusing any negotiations with terrorists, and refusing to conclude armistice.
In a 2002 issue of Alan Dershowitz’s book, Why Terrorism Works, published in the US in 2002, Valery Zorkin, Russian lawyer and chairman of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, notes: in relation to families, ethnic groups, religious groups of terrorists; advocates the use of any kind of torture; advocates significantly restricting immigration and the rights of strangers, especially immigrants from certain regions of the world ... ”
As Russian expert Colonel Vladimir Lutsenko notes: “Terrorism cannot be defeated only by force. Sponsors of terrorism are not going to personally undermine themselves in subway cars. For such actions, they recruit “cannon fodder” mainly in economically backward regions like the North Caucasus or Central Asia. Therefore, it is possible to eradicate terrorism only by destroying its breeding ground, that is, by improving the standard of living in economically depressed and socially backward regions, first of all ”
To date, a system of international counter-terrorism has been formed, which includes cooperation at the global and regional levels, as well as on a bilateral basis.
Russian legislation is being brought into line with international obligations; work is underway to improve it. In recent years, legislative acts regulating criminal liability for hostage-taking, illegal actions with radioactive materials, blocking transport communications and other illegal actions encroaching on the normal and safe operation of vehicles have been adopted.
Types of Terrorism
By the nature of the subject of terrorist activity, terrorism is divided into:
Unorganized or individual (terrorism of individuals) - in this case, a terrorist attack (less commonly, a number of terrorist attacks) is committed by one or two people who are not behind any organization (Dmitry Karakozov, Vera Zasulich, Ravashol, Timothy McVey and others);
Organized, collective - terrorist activity is planned and implemented by a certain organization (Narodnaya Volya, SRs, IRA, Al Qaeda, ISIS, etc.) Organized terrorism is the most common in the modern world.
According to their focus, terrorism is divided into:
Nationalist - pursues separatist or national liberation goals;
Religious - can be associated with the struggle of adherents of religion among themselves (Hindus and Muslims, Muslims and Jews) and within the same faith (Protestant Catholics, Shiite Sunnis), and aims to undermine secular authority and establish religious authority
Ideologically defined, social - the aim is to fundamentally or partially change the economic or political system of the country, to draw public attention to any acute problem. Sometimes this type of terrorism is called revolutionary. An example of ideologically defined terrorism are anarchist, Socialist-Revolutionary, fascist, European "left", environmental terrorism, etc.
This division of terrorism is arbitrary and similarities can be found in all its forms.
Speaking about the specific manifestations of terror and terrorism, some researchers and journalists talk about:
terrorism of the opposition in relation to power and terrorism of the authorities themselves, state terrorism, terrorism as a direction of state policy;
individual terrorism, in which the targets of acts of terrorism are specific individuals due to personal actions or belonging to a certain group or organization (Russian tsars and state dignitaries; Anwar Sadat, Indira Gandhi - and mass or blind terrorism against random people (explosions in Oklahoma, Moscow, Volgodonsk);
criminal terrorism.
Prevention of Terror. acts
Measures to prevent terrorist attacks include:
control by financial and tax structures of financial activities, and above all, large financial flows in order to identify illegal circulation of these funds, detect fraud, fakes, fakes, etc .;
control by the traffic police, heads of enterprises and organizations working citizens for the goods transported by vehicles;
periodic inspection by officials with the involvement of representatives of the internal affairs bodies of property stored in warehouses, in vaults, cellars, basements and other hard-to-reach places;
periodic inspections of pipelines (gas pipelines, oil pipelines, product pipelines), gas equipment, porches in order to detect the presence of explosive objects and improvised devices in them;
detection in vehicles, in entrances, basements of houses, at garages, near garbage bins, hatches of suspicious objects thrown by unknown people (with ammunition or weapons, with improvised devices - extensions, suspicious wires, etc.);
duty near residential buildings during the period of terrorist attacks, while paying attention to the appearance of strangers carrying some goods in bags or suitcases, to cars with nonresident license plates;
to exclude the possibility of mining houses through open basements, hatches;
to avoid connections with suspicious people who promise profitable deals, trips with them somewhere;
be vigilant at work, at home, while on the street, in public transport.
Hostage Guidelines
Actions in case of an unexpected explosion in a building:
Try to calm down, the correctness of your actions depends on this!
In a destroyed, damaged room, do not use open fire, electrical wiring, a lighter, candles (EXPLOSION!)
Move to the exit carefully, do not touch damaged structures, bare wires
Cover your head (hat, pillow, cutting board, frying pan)
Protect your respiratory system with smoke - wet rag
If possible, take personal documents, money, valuables, carry items
Notify neighbors about evacuation
Help the elderly, disabled people leave the room
If possible, inform 01. If it is impossible to evacuate, go to the balcony (white rag) and ask for help.
Upon leaving the house - evacuation at 200m
Do not leave, leave the scene until communication with representatives of special. services, exclusion - danger to health, life
If you are bombarded by an explosion:
Do not give up!
Try to breathe evenly while counting the respiratory movements (RELAX!)
If your hands are free, feel the space nearby - maybe there is a metal object, they can make sounds rescuer
If the space nearby is free - do not light an open flame (oxygen burns out, danger of a repeated explosion)
If possible, then strengthen the overhanging beams with improvised objects (bricks, boards, reinforcement)
Battery, toilet - additional sources of water
One type of terrorist act is the taking of hostages with the subsequent nomination of any demands (material, political, etc.). People who are held hostage should adhere to certain rules of behavior, depending on the characteristics of a particular situation and able to reduce the danger.
If one person took hostages, then you can try to gain confidence in him, if there is a group of terrorists, then it is almost impossible to find a common language with them. Women terrorists are usually more cruel, fanatical than men, they go about crimes meaningfully, it is more difficult to negotiate with them.
Here are some general rules of conduct that should be followed if you are captured by terrorists:
follow the commands of terrorists, do not try to get up, leave your place;
do not make sudden movements, do not rummage in your pockets, in a bag, etc.
do not panic, do not scream, do not cry, keep calm.
TERRORISM AND EXTREMISM FULFILLED: STUDENT 10 "A" CLASS SHUVALOV YEKATERIN.
THE CONCEPT OF TERRORISM AND EXTREMISM. At the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century, such ugly phenomena as terrorism and extremism entered the life of young Russia. The media is full of headlines resembling reports from battlefields. In fact, the way it is: terrorism has long declared war on peace. The concepts of terrorist attack, suicide bomber, martyr’s belt, hostage taking, etc. become an integral part of the modern world. Often the victims of terrorism are innocent people, among whom are children.
Art. 205 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation enshrines the concept of terrorism: Terrorism is the commission of an explosion, arson, or other actions that create the danger of death, causing significant property damage or other socially dangerous consequences, as well as the threat of these actions if these actions are committed in order to: - public safety violations; - intimidation of the population; - influencing decision-making by authorities
At the turn of the XX-XXI century. terrorism has proved itself at a highly organized international level. Large-scale terrorist attacks occurred in many countries: in the United States on September 11, 2001 (attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, which claimed the lives of 2749 and 184 people, respectively), in Spain in March 2004 (a series of explosions in Madrid's suburban trains, which killed 191 and injured more than 1900 people), in the UK - in July 2005 (bombings in London, 56 dead and over 800 wounded), terrorist attacks in Iraq and Afghanistan, etc.
Types of terrorism: - political - using religious motives - nationalistic - criminal - technological
GOALS OF TERRORISM: violation of public safety; intimidation of the population; the impact on the adoption by the authorities of decisions favorable to terrorists, or the satisfaction of their unlawful property interests and (or) other interests; termination of state or other political activity of a state or public figure; revenge for such an activity; provocation of war or complication of international relations.
The causes of terrorism and extremism. Terrorism can have a breeding ground where people are in poverty, where people are pushed in search of the enemy. The socio-economic environment in Russia has not improved at all over these ten years. Unemployment, especially in the North Caucasus, reaches 40% or more. And if you add addiction here. Neglect, rampant crime - this is a breeding ground for terrorists and their accomplices. This is clearly seen in Dagestan, Ingushetia, and Chechnya. At present, the following causes of terrorism are called in the domestic legal literature: I Social - economic (communication of students) II Political (communication of students) III Religious (communication of students)
RUSSIA ALSO EXCEEDED LARGE ATTACKS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM: - mass hostage taking, - apartment bombings and explosions during parades and other holidays in the cities. Buinaksk, Volgodonsk, Mozdok, Moscow, in the cities of Chechnya, due to the intensification of international terrorism.
Today, the threat of terrorist crimes in Russia does not subside. So, explosions in the Moscow metro in 2010. made us realize again that the actions of terrorists are always unexpected and more and more aimed at civilians.
From September 1 to September 3, 2004, more than 1000 children and their parents suffered as a result of the terrorist attack in Beslan.
EXTREMISM: 1. The activities of public and religious associations, or other organizations, or the media, or individuals to plan, organize, prepare and commit actions aimed at: -forcibly changing the foundations of the constitutional system and violating the integrity of Russia; - undermining the security of Russia; - seizure or misappropriation of authority; - carrying out terrorist activities; - incitement to racial, national, or religious hatred, as well as social hatred associated with violence or calls for violence; -Demonization of national dignity; - carrying out mass riots, hooligan actions and acts of vandalism based on ideological, political, racial, national or religious hatred or enmity, as well as on the basis of hatred or enmity against any social group; -propaganda of exclusivity, superiority or inferiority of citizens on the basis of their attitude to religion, social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation;
An example of national extremism is the skinhead movement. This is one of the most widespread nationalist movements that originated in England in the 60s. The literal translation of the name of this movement means “shaved head”. The first representatives of this movement were young people from the labor districts of London, representatives of hard physical labor, who initially advocated the prohibition of the use of cheap labor from third world countries. And in the 70s, skinheads already came up with the idea of \u200b\u200b"racial cleanliness" and "weaning jobs for emigrants who had come in large numbers." This movement quickly gained support in other countries of the world. Since the mid-90s, Russia has been swept by the “skins” movement, which exists to this day. National extremism acts under the slogans of protecting “one’s people”, its economic interests, cultural values, as a rule, to the detriment of representatives of other nationalities living in the same territory.
Religious extremism is understood as intolerance towards dissenting representatives of the same or different religions. In recent years, the problem of Islamic extremism has intensified. Wahhabi ideology has become widespread, the slogan of which is "death to all unfaithful."
Political extremism is a movement or movement against the existing constitutional order. As a rule, national or religious extremism is the basis for the emergence of political extremism. An example of political extremism is the movement of the National Bolshevik Party, whose leader is Eduard Limonov
COUNTERING TERRORISM AND EXTREMISM This is the activity of state authorities and local authorities in the prevention of terrorism and extremism, including the identification and subsequent elimination of the causes and conditions conducive to the commission of crimes of a terrorist nature and extremism (prevention); the identification of persons prone to their commission, the suppression of terrorist and extremist activities of specific individuals and organizations, the disclosure and investigation of crimes and offenses related to them; as well as minimizing and (or) eliminating the consequences of their manifestation.