Social relations are a human relationship in society. Administrative law

Personality formation is possible only in contact with the social environment. On the one hand, social relations form a person. Here it stands as an object these relationships. On the other hand, each person is capable of, anyway, influence social relations, modifying them, that is, being as a subject These relationships. In other words, the identity can perform at the same time as an object and as a subject of the subject of the surrounding social relations. Social relations personality (subject)
Personality (Object) Social Relations

Personality in the role of an object and a subject of social relations.
You can say otherwise. Personal interaction from the social environment clearly characterize two of her forms :
1) adaptation, that is, a passive adaptation of an individual to the surrounding reality;
2) Integration is the active interaction of the individual with the medium, when not only the environment affects the person, but the person is involved in its formation.

Each individual is unique, does not look like others. And not only on external, physical qualities, but also from the point of view of social characteristics. This uniqueness follows from those conditions in which the social "I" individual "I" was formed throughout his life, as well as personal qualities associated with physical characteristics, abilities, inclinations, which are largely deterministic genetic factors.

Sociological science explores personality not as a unique, unique phenomenon. This is engaged in pedagogy, psychology and a number of other sciences focused on solving specific problems of individual behavior. Sociologists are interested in personality as social community: the identity of the student, the personality of the teacher, the personality of the worker, that is typologized personalitywhich reflects that in common than the specific social groups of people differ from the point of view of their personal characteristics. For example, students of the Faculty of Physical Education differ from students of other faculties in terms of physical development, inclinations for active forms of pastime and a number of other indicators.

The process of assimilating the personality of the surrounding social norms and values \u200b\u200bis customary socialization.Here, personality acts as an object of relations. The development of individual qualities of personality as a subject of social relations is denoted in sociology individualization.

Parenting personalityit is possible to determine, firstly, as a complex and long process of personality admission to social standards and values, characteristic of a particular society in specific historical conditions ( socialization ) and, secondly, as the development of individual abilities and opportunities in the interests of society, individual social groups, the very personality ( individualization ).

Dominance in the education of socialization elements over individualization is not desirable. In the process of such education will be formed conformist,excessively dependent on the surrounding people, unable to make decisions on their own. If individualization prevails, will be rapid individualistegocentrism-oriented, neglect of collective interests.

In other words, the main objectives of educationrelated, with the admission of an individual to social norms and values, that is, to the main components spiritual culture . E.the process should also take into account features, abilities, interests and needs of the individual. I.e, socialization of personality must be optimally combined with her individualization . Only in this case there may be a harmoniously developed personality.

The main mechanisms of targeted personality development can be attributed to a number of conditions and factors, among which it is often distinguished by the so-called tools of education . Their approximate list:
1. A family - The child is to choosing the style of life and the image of the behavior who are inherent in his family, his parents.
2. "Equal" groups - include friends of one age.
3. School - In addition to the formal learning process, there is a hidden process of education: the rules of school life, the authority of the teacher, his reaction to certain actions, the influence of a special "school environment.
4. Mass communication - newspapers, magazines, movies, radio, television, which affect the education of the person.
5. Labor collectives - the most important factor in the socialization of the individual.
6 . Religious organizations - Often are a strong means of spiritual and moral impact on personality.
7. Public association - Create a unique social environment for each individual forming it as a person.

Allocate the most important directions education, including:
● idean-political - formation of political culture;
● labor- development of good faith in labor;
● moral- assimilation of the norms and principles of morality;
● aesthetic - the extension of the need for beautiful;
● environmental - Optimization of human attitude towards nature;
● religious- admission to religious values;
● physical - Development of the physical possibilities of the individual.

Often allocate other facilities and directions Education. But, apparently, speaking about the upbringing, you should, first of all, keep in mind promotion to culture . For example: to political culture, labor culture, religious culture, physical culture.

Personalization stages of personality

Socialization- This is the introduction of a person to spiritual values \u200b\u200band norms of behavior that have developed in society. The personality in the process of its formation borrows the rules of interaction with each other, the views, beliefs, orientations dominating in the surrounding social environment. It must agree with the dominant ideas about the world, including the lifestyle of people, recognize with their ways of life, moral ideals, "Games" rules, dominant in society, or enter the conflict with him.

The whole life path of a person from birth to death is divided into separate periods (stages): childhood , youth , maturity , old age . At each of them, personality assists the values \u200b\u200band norms that have developed in society develops their individual qualities, is included in the system of social relations and interactions.

The process of socialization of the personality can be divided into two stages :
1) primarysocialization - goes to children and teenage years of life of the individual;
2) secondary Socialization is the development of personality in subsequent years life.

At the initial stage of socialization, especially strongly on the formation of a person affects family , preschool and school institutions as well groups of equal - Companies of friends and peers. The family roles, who are the head of the family, how friendly and warm relations were in the family, what methods and methods of encouragement or punishment are applied. If the power in the family unconditionally belonged to one person, if the decisions were made solely the head of the family, if the discussion was precurable, free willingness - in such conditions, either a supporter of dictatorship grows (if the head of the family was a respected person), or, on the contrary, an active opponent of authoritarian relations (if family The leader did not enjoy love).

Preschool, school, other state and public institutions have great impact on the behavior of the future citizen. From how efficiently and responsibly, they carry out their functions, it depends largely, whether the individual will be a full-fledged citizen of his society or replenish the ranks of individuals with deviant, that is, socially acceptable behavior.

The dominant direction of the development of the personality also depends on the orientations in the so-called "groups of equal". Methods for the distribution of power, group roles in the companies of peers, as evidenced by the experience, may noticeably affect the formation of subjective ideas about the "ideal" model of interaction with the outside world, and relationships in groups of adolescents in the future can be a prototype of "optimal" interaction with the outside world. At the same time, stereotypes formed in children's and adolescence are often durable and persisted, often throughout the subsequent life.

The end of the first stage of socialization is not associated with a specific one for all age. Signs of completion of primary socialization, that is, the transformation of the child in an adult can be, about the following:
● The ability to independently earn the material tools necessary for a full-fledged life;
● The ability to properly dispose of money, the choice of optimal and healthy lifestyle, regardless of parents;
● Self-discipline and self-control over its behavior.

The second stage of socialization is associated with the impact on the identity of the complex complex of objective and subjective factors defining its social orientation and behavior in adolescence, maturity and old age. During these years, various strongly influenced the process of socialization of the individual social institutions , including the education system, the media, labor collectives and other institutions and organizations that individual interacts.

With the concept of socialization, two, nearby concepts:
● resocialization - the process of replacing already learned norms and values, new, more relevant to the changed conditions;
● desocialization - Degrading processes associated with a change, let's say labor activity for pension status.

Thus, the process of socialization is complex and multifaceted. Socialization is unthinkable without awareness of themselves not only in the role of the object, but also the subject of social relations, which implies the other side of the "medals" - individualization associated with the constant fixation of the individual of its specific place in society, taking into account personal features, orientation, life plans and process permanent improvement.

Sociological theories of upbringing

One of the most famous authors of the theories of upbringing was an American philosopher and sociologist George Herbert MID (1863 - 1931). He highlighted three stages of the development of an individual and the formation of his "I":
1) imitation - inapproprible copying of adult deeds;
2) a game- meaningful reproduction of adult behavior;
3) collective games - The child begins to take into account group expectations and reckon with them.

Young children are developing, first of all, due to the imitation of the behavior of parents. The imitation of parents is especially noticeable in the process of the child's game. Already by four or five years, children can play the role of adults: car driver, doctor, shop seller. The role of "Moms" or "Pope" is not uncommon. The child in the process of collective game begins to distinguish its "I" from "We". Under the "I" hides an individual with his spontaneous desires who ignore the needs of others, and "we" are already "social me", limited to the interests of other people.

Famous Swiss teacher and sociologist ^ Jean Piaget(1896-1980) believed that four main stages should be highlighted in the upbringing of children:

First - touch-Motor (Sensually Motor) Stage of Development of the Child, is associated with the first two years of his life. Until four months of his life, the child does not distinguish itself from the environment. He only learns to distinguish objects and people through touch. By the end of this stage, children are already able to realize the qualities and features of their people and items.

Second - « predemissions"Corresponds to the age period from two to seven years. At this stage, children actively communicate, they develop speech, the ability to use words in a symbolic meaning. The feature of this age is egocentrism, the interpretation of the surrounding phenomena in accordance with its own interests.

Third - « concrete Actions", Manifests itself between seven to eleven years as ability to abstract thinking, the ability to draw conclusions and generalizations.

Fourth - « formal actions" This is the stage of child development aged from eleven to fifteen years. At this stage, the child appears the ability to build hypotheses, to choosing the optimal solution to the problem of several possible behaviors. Education at this stage is inseparable from education.

Original research problems of education conducted a well-known Austrian psychologist and psychiatrist Sigmund Freud(1856-1939). He focused on the inner world of man. Freud believed that even the newborn needs not only in food, warmth, etc., but also in caress, in bodily contacts with adults. The basis of this need is the erotic attractions, which are actively manifested in a child especially at the age of 3-5 years. It was during this period that the education of children, Freud believes, may be formed at the level of subconscious erotic attraction to the mother, which is usually accompanied by a hostility to the Father - the so-called " oedipus complex" At a later age, the child is trying to find explanations to his feelings, learning from the behavior of his father and mother facts confirming the legitimacy of their unequal attitudes towards parents. The consequences of this phenomenon can be the most unexpected: nervous breakdowns, "disobedience", aggressiveness, moral degradation.

Other theories of upbringing are known in the domestic and foreign pedagogy. However, in them, often incorrect, from the point of view of sociological analysis, principles (can be said myths), which once developed in pedagogical science as fundamental.

To such backbringing myths , can be attributed opposition to the educator and educated . The process of upbringing looks like a set of ways to manipulate the behavior of a raised. It is appropriate to remember the principle "Back to Socrate". The great philosopher did not seek to impose any truths to the student. The teacher, in the opinion of Socrates, should be in the role of the "obese grandmother", that is, to help the student to "give birth to" the truth. (By the way, the very concept of "school" originates from the Greek word "leisure", or "entertainment").

Another "Myth" is an attempt to find Single pattern of education , that is, the conviction is that you can make a single theory of upbringing and apply it to any person. (Emphasis on socialization to the detriment of individualization).

To the "Myths of Education" refer to the so-called A complex approach to upbringing, providing "unity of ideologically political, labor and moral education", With which you can solve all the basic educational tasks in the" collective ". But people are not the same in nature. Everyone has their needs, interests, landmarks. The purpose of the upbringing is not only to introduce a person to collective norms and values, but also to develop individual donations, the ability to apply them with maximum benefit, both for himself and for society. It can be said how effective every person implements its individual opportunities for the benefit of society, so much will be richer. Another approach leads to social status, to the degradation of society.

Social status and social roles of personality
The position of the individual in society, the nature of its interaction with the environment is often associated with the concepts " social status », « social prestige "And" social role ».

Social status (from lat. Status: state of affairs, position) is the characteristic of the position of the person in the social hierarchy. He records the differences between people by their social prestigu In society, determines the place of the individual in the system of social relations.

Social prestige (from Franz. Prestige: charm, charm) - an assessment by the society of social importance of things (their properties) and people (their behavior) in terms of norms and values \u200b\u200badopted in this society.

Social status of the individual depends on objective factors (income / availability) and subjective Indicators (levels and quality of education, qualifications, lifestyle). Status can be:
1) hereditary(or prescribed) when an individual acquires a position in society, regardless of his personal efforts (status of a millionaire, negra, women);
2) acquiredachievable by personality due to its choice, effort, merit.

Classify statuses and other criteria. For instance:
1) naturalstatus - associated with biological signs, say, the status of a man or a woman may be different;
2) professional legalstatus - has social criteria for its dimension, officially agreed or informal.
As a rule, a person can detect several status: academician, personal car driver, amateur mushroom. But only one, the so-called integral status Determines its position in society associated with a profession, a position, the size of the received income.

The presence of property usually increases the status, but not always. Titled, but the poor nobles had a higher status than rich traders. Being the country's president more prestigious than a simple millionaire.

The social status is also based on the ethnic or party affiliation of a person. Partyship (according to Weber) may influence the position of a person in society, regardless of the relationship with the means of production. The political party is a group of people who have common interests and goals related to the authorities. And the authorities increase human status.

Much in assessing the status of personality depends on the specific social roles performed by each individual.

Social role (from Franz. Rôle: Social Function) - a model of behavior due to the position of the individual in the system of interpersonal relations. It is adequate to a set of expectations associated with the behavior of a particular person in the social group. For example, the role of the teacher. What should a teacher be, how do you expect to see it? There are roles of student, groom, father, athlete. Rising a boy, we teach his male roles. A person acquires new roles throughout his life.

Social roles can be permanent, that is, there is a long time (for example, the role of mother) and temporaryperformed for a short period (for example, the role of the hospitable host). However, this division is often conditional - a mother can deprive parental rights, and hospitality towards loved ones does not exclude throughout life.

Social roles can simultaneously use various estimates their contents: role-playing expectations, that is, the point of view on the role of the surrounding people and role behaviorconsisting of concrete actions of a particular individual, from the standpoint of his views and beliefs.

In sociology, use such a thing as rolling tension- incompatibility of role-playing expectations (the priest in the army blesses the soldiers to murder). Often, the roles can be incompatible (let's say, the role of students, and the role of a young mother). Arises role conflictwhich finds permission, for example, through the academic leave of the student.

Introduction ........................................................................................3

1. Social relations and social structure of society. Types of social relations .................................................................... ..5

2. Classes and their role in the system of social connections. The main concepts of social differentiation modern society…………………………

3. Social Differentiation in the Information Society .....................

Conclusion ......................................................................................

List of used literature ...................................................... ..

Introduction

The relevance of the topic "Man in the system of social relations" is due to the essence of public relations connecting people, things and ideas into one, i.e. It is that the human attitude towards a person is mediated by the world of things, and on the contrary, the contact of a person with the subject means, in essence, his communication with another person, its forces and abilities accumulated in the subject. In addition to their natural, physical, bodily qualities, any phenomenon of culture, including a person, is characterized by a system of social qualities arising precisely in the process of activity in society.

Social qualities are superitive, are unrecognized, but are quite real and objective and very significantly determine the life of a person and society.

The object of research is social society. The subject of the study is the existence of human society, as a phenomenon of public consciousness, its essence, structure, functions, form of manifestation.

Social philosophy is not identical to sociology, which is the empirical science exploring social life in different aspects, using all sorts of specific methods and private techniques for analyzing specific events. public Life And their generalizations. Social philosophy relies on sociological research and implements its own philosophical generalizations. Similar relations exist between the philosophy of history and history as a specific area of \u200b\u200bknowledge: the philosophy of history forms a special line of social philosophy.

Social relations are developing between people in the process of their joint activities.

In many social and political concepts and philosophical views, the society is recognized as the importance of material production and the objective public relations arising and the need for a central idea that unites different elements of society into a single valuable.

The structure of the work includes the introduction, three chapters, conclusion, a list of references.

In the introduction, the relevance of the topic is justified, the degree of its scientific desire is determined, the object and subject matter is determined.

In the first chapter "Social relations and social structure of society. The types of social relations "are considered the concept of social society in a scientific understanding of philosophy, the sphere of life of society, as some functions forming a complex structure, which includes a different level of complexity elements united by public relations.

In the second chapter "Classes and their role in the social relationship system. The main concepts of social differentiation of modern society "formulated the main ideas of the differentiation of modern society, as the interaction of three mechanisms, changes, selection and deductions, each of which has its own specifics of evolutionary mechanisms.

In the third chapter, "Social Differentiation in Information Society" is considered an information civilization that develops in modern world, objectively dictates new patterns in the development of the social sphere based on the growth of national wealth and increasingly consolidating the natural and civil rights of a person.

In conclusion, the results were summed up on the topic under consideration, the corresponding conclusions were made.

The list of references used contains methodological and educational literature, articles on philosophy, sociology, i.e. The material that was used when writing this work.

1. Social relations and social structure of society.

Types of social relations

The wealth and complexity of social content is due to the diversity of its relations with public whole, the degree of accumulation and refraction in their consciousness and activities of various spheres of society. That is why the level of personality development is the indicator of the level of development of society and vice versa. However, the person does not dissolve in society. It retains the meaning of the unique and independent individuality and contributes to the public integer.

In the process of labor development and enrichment on it, social relations occurs differentiation of social functions of people. By purchasing personal rights and obligations, personal names, a certain degree of personal responsibility, people were increasingly distinguished from the initial weakly dismantled public as independent figures. Man becomes a person.

In feudal society, the individual, primarily belonged to a certain class. This was determined by the rights and obligations of the individual. The problem of personality in society was set in two plans: in the legal, determined feudal right, and as the ratio of the divine providence and freedom of the will of the individual.

During the formation of capitalism begins the struggle for the freedom of personality, against the hierarchical class system. At first, the requirement of freedom of personality was made mainly to the requirement of freedom of thought. It then turned into the requirement of civil and political freedom, freedom of private initiative. The flourishing of capitalism is the era of individualism. Expressing the egoistic psychology of individualism, A. Schopenhauer, for example, emphasized that everyone wishes to rule over to all and destroy everything that he opposes him; Everyone considers himself a focus of the world; his own existence and well-being prefers to the other; He is ready to destroy the world so that only his own I will support somewhat more than one.

Personality can be free only in free society. The person is free where it not only serves as a means for the implementation of social goals, but also acts as an end in itself for society. Only a highly organized society will create conditions for the formation of an active, comprehensive, amateur person and will make these qualities measuring the virtue of human dignity. It is a high-organized society that needs such personalities. In the process of the creation of such a society, people form a sense of self-esteem.

In philosophical science, the Company is characterized as a dynamic self-developing system, i.e., such a system that is capable of seriously changing, preserve its essence and qualitative certainty at the same time. In this case, the system is defined as a complex of interacting elements. In turn, the element is called some further indecomposable component of the system, which takes direct participation in its creation. Thus, it can be said that society is the social community of people united by the specific historical conditions of their livelihoods, the economic, socio-psychological and spiritual way of their joint existence.

Social community - a set of people whom they characterize the conditions of their livelihoods, common for this group of interacting individuals; Belonging to historically established territorial formations, belonging a group of interacting individuals to those or other social institutions.

All spheres of society are functioning in a close relationship, together with this, all spheres perform certain functions in society and are complex public subsystems. They have, in turn, a complex structure that includes a different level of complexity elements united by public relations.

Public relations, on the one hand, the main sign of the social system, and on the other hand, the most important element.

All structures constituting in their totality and interaction social structure of society have a dual origin. Two of them are ethnic and demographic - in their roots are associated with the biological nature of man and in the largest degree, although under the auspices of the social, represent this biological in public life. Three others - settlement, class, professional-educational - social in the full sense of the word, that is, civilizational, and developed as a result of three great public division of labor, transition to private property and class formation.

The reporting society has developed its own, due to the ultimately technological and economic reasons, the forms of community of people - the genus and tribe.

The genus was the main cell first in the history of socio-economic formation, and a multifunctional cell: not only ethnic, but also production and social. The economic basis of the genus was community ownership of land, hunting and fishing grounds. Such industrial relations (including the equalized distribution of products) corresponded to an extremely low level of productive forces.

A higher historical form of community of people within the same primitive-community formation was a tribe - a combination of outstanding from one root, but subsequently separated from each other childbirth. Like the genus, the tribe continues to remain an ethnic category, because blood-related communication continues to remain at the heart.

The next, higher form of community-related people, and territorial, neighboring relations between people are also reduced. V. I. Lenin criticized N. K. Mikhailovsky, who did not understand this principal difference between the nation from the tribe. According to Mikhailovsky, the nationality is simply a crush tribe. Nature is the historically established community of people who have their own language, the territory, the well-known community of culture, the primitive of economic relations.

First, nationalities are undergoing in their development the most real metamorphosis. The proposal in the literature is to distinguish between the primary people, which arose directly from the decomposition of tribal communities, and the secondary, which represents the further development of primary, makes it possible to approach the analysis of the peoples specifically historically.

Secondly, nation belongs to a certain historical place between the children's communities and nations at an angle of view of such a criterion as the degree of development of intra-educational economic ties. The evolution of a purely natural farm in natural and commodity, as it is impossible to express these moves better.

The formation of the following, even higher shape of the community of people - the nation is completely true in Marxist, and in non-marxist literature is associated with the development of capitalism. If such prerequisites for the consolidation of nations in the nation, as the commonality of the territory, the generality of the language, certain features of the cultural community, the incarnation of economic integrity, can be found in feudalism, the formation of the generality of economic life is already associated with the process of genesis and the approval of capitalism. So, the nation is characterized by the following features.

First, it is the community of territory. People and even relatively large groups of people, spatiously torn apart from each other for a long time, can not belong to the same nation.

Secondly, to the community of the territory, in order for the speech to go about the nation, the generality of the language should be addicted. The National Language is a national spoken language that is understandable to all members of the nation and firmly entrenched in the literature. The generality of the language should be considered in an inextricable connection with the community territory, although these two signs themselves are also not enough to withdraw on the social and ethnic community as a nation. These signs must be complemented by another one.

The third major sign of the nation is the community of economic life. The community of economic life arises on the basis of the economic specialization of various districts of the country and strengthen trade and exchange ties between them. This process of specializing various areas, their increasing economic dependence of each other and was simultaneously the process of economic consolidation of nations.

On the basis of the historically long community territory, language, economic life, the fourth sign of the nation is formed - the general features of the mental warehouse enshrined in the mentality of this nation.

It should be especially highlighted on the result of the "nation" concept as a national self-consciousness. This feature is subjective in nature, and it is this subjectivity that serves as an argument against its materiality. On the nation as a really existing and normally functioning generality, it is possible to speak only when signs of objective are complemented by a clearly pronounced national self-consciousness. Otherwise, it is only possible to talk about ethnic origin of people, and not about their national affiliation. There are indicators that allow you to accurately determine the level and degree of national self-consciousness. But the main, integrating, obviously, are self-substitution, recognition of differences between themselves and representatives of people of other nationalities, on the one hand, and awareness of the inseparable links of their "I" with the life and fate of this ethnic group.

As a general community of the demographic structure of society, population is performed - continuously reproducing themselves the aggregate of people. In this sense, they talk about the population of the whole land, a separate country, region, etc.

There are two lines of interaction of demographic and economic processes and states:

I. population → Economy

II. economy → Population

As for the latter, it is, firstly, is better reflected in the literature, and secondly, it is closer to the surface of things and therefore it is lighter captured by the ordinary consciousness.

Acceleration or deceleration of economic development depends on such an indicator as the total population.

The density of population has a noticeable effect on the economy. In the regions with a rare population, the division of labor is difficult, and the dominant remains the tendency to preserve the natural economy, economically unprofitable is to increase the information and transport infrastructure (construction of roads and railways, launching cable communications, etc.).

The most actively impact on the economy of demographic factors includes the growth rates of population, especially since this is a complex factor, determined not only by the indicators of the natural growth of the population, but also by its age-age structure, as well as the pace and direction of migration. For the normal development of society and, above all, its economies are equally harmful and striving for a minimum and striving for the maximum growth rate of population. With an extremely low growth rates, the reproduction of the personal element of the productive forces occurs on a narrowing basis, which affects the magnitude of the cumulative national product, and therefore national income. With an excessively high rate of population growth, the development of the economy is also slowed down, because the increasingly significant part of the cumulative product and national income is rejected simply on the physical conservation of the newly born.

The result in both cases is one - enhancing migration that damage the economy.

The impact of demographic factors makes itself felt not only in the economy: it is difficult to call such a component of society in which it would not be detected.

The most sensitive in this respect is, perhaps, morality. Any failure in demographic relations, and even more so in the demographic structure as a whole, immediately responds to the practice of moral relations and - in a reflective form - in moral psychology and ethics. Enough to remember the moral consequences Patriotic Warassociated with the collapse of the family structure of society, the collapse of many millions of families. In a certain sense, migration affects the same direction, especially if it takes a hypertrophic character.

The difficulties of professional and sociocultural adaptation, household unpleasurities, exit from under the moral control of the former social microcers and the possibility (especially at first) anonymous behavior in the new service and the background for sexual promiscuity, drunkenness and criminal offenses.

Demographic characteristics affect the appearance of society as a whole, facilitating its progressive development, or, on the contrary, causing its degradation. So, after a decrease in the population of the population to a critical minimum, society becomes unable to reproduce social relations in their entirety.

So, the laws of population are a vivid example of how the biological form of motion of matter is converted, entering the social. In this regard, the laws of population impossible would be called biosocial. The disclosure of their complex content remains an important task of interdisciplinary studies, including the philosophical understanding of the interaction "Socium - Population", and the reconstruction of the specific development of the demographic structure of society by the forces of historians.

The ethnic and demographic structure of society we considered in their origin and primary specific historical forms. In this regard, the settlement structure, being the reason for the causes of the purely social - public division of labor, differs in principle.

The settlement structure is the spatial form of the Company's organization. This concept expresses the attitude of people to the territory of their habitat, and more precisely - the relationship of people among themselves in connection with their belonging to the same either to different types of settlement (intra-gel, intracity and inter-segment relationships). Here we find a difference that differentiates the settlement structure from other structures: people belonging to different ethnic groups, different classes, different age and professional-educational groups, as a rule, are not separated from each other spatially, on the contrary, it is coexistence in a single space that makes it possible between them and the normal functioning of society as a whole. On the settlement principle of individuals are isolated in space - they, depending on the type of settlement, are either citizens or settlements.

Each of the main types of settlement is the village and the city - can be correctly understood only in the conditions of comparison, with a scrupulous comparison with each other. At the same time, the city can be elected as a mirror in which society looks in order to understand that it has acquired and that lost as a result of the allocation of cities from the once absolutely rural social space.

All connections, relationships, interaction, elements and spheres of society are in the process of changes and transformations of different nature and character. Society, being a product of social relations, at the same time, is both an active subject of relations, actions and interactions between the elements included in its structure.

2. Classes and their role in the system of social connections. The main concepts of social differentiation of modern society

The doctrine of public classes arose in the Domarks period. In a letter to K. Weidemereire, from March 5, 1852, K. Marx noted: "As for me, I don't have any merit that I have opened the existence of classes in modern society, nor that I discovered their struggle between by itself. Bourgeois historians long before me outlined the historical development of this struggle of classes, and bourgeois economists - the economic anatomy of classes. " However, all the Domarix concepts of classes suffered from either metaphysicality, lack of historical approachAnd then the classes turned into an eternal category, in the natural and incomplete sign of society (among the classics of English political economy), or idealism, inability to see the economic essence of classes (in French historians).

Matching his views with the views of the predecessors, Marx wrote in the mentioned letter to Weidemeer: \u200b\u200b"What I did new, consisted in proof ... that the existence of classes is connected only with certain historical phases of production development."

It turned out that classes did not always exist and would not always exist that they were connected only with the economic methods of production that were based on private property. The deepest reason for the occurrence of classes is due primarily to a certain level of development of the productive forces and the nature of the relevant production relations.

The formation of classes is the public division of labor, consolidating certain types of activities for large social groups. At the same time, it is not in mind not a technological separation of labor (such in certain forms existed in primitive society and will continue in the foreseeable future), and the division of labor public, which, unlike the technological, is not developing in the process of directly production, but in the field of exchange of activities. The exchange establishes the relationship between the already existing, but still quite independent spheres of human activity, turning them gradually into cooperation dependent on each other industries of aggregate social production (agriculture, cattle breeding, craft, trade, mental work).

The class formation process is "connected" and the Institute of Private Property. If the public division of labor establishes people for a certain type of activity, then private property shares people in relation to the means of production and assignment of labor results, and those who own the means of production, has real opportunities to exploit those who are deprived of them.

Marxova The concept of classes had an indelible impact on the entire subsequent socio-philosophical and sociological thought. Explaining the reasons for this, Anthony Giddens (Cambridge) writes: "Marxova Class concept leads us objectively to structured economic inequality in society, the class relates not to the convictions of people, but with objective conditions that allow you to have greater access to material remuneration." It is this desire to find objective criteria for the allocation of large social groups and the definitions of their public status and led to the fact that all the later concepts that have appeared somehow, as otherwise, took into account Marx, as Hyddens showed.

The most complete in the socio-philosophical literature of Marxism, the definition of classes was given by V. I. Lenin in the work of "Great Poor": "Classes are called large groups of people who differ in their place in a historically specific system of social production, by their relationship (mostly fixed and enshrined and Decorated in the laws) to the means of production, by their role in the public organization of labor, and, consequently, according to the methods of obtaining and sizes of the share of public wealth, which they have. "

Note that V. I. Lenin attributed classes to large groups of people. These are their generic sign, because there are other large groups in society - age, sex, ethnic, professional, etc. And then in Leninsky definition, the intravidal differences of the classes from each other are listed. These features, of course, is not limited to the characteristics of a class: very important characteristics of political and psychological qualities of classes. And if Lenin, in its definition, limited himself only to four main economic signs, then because they are basic, primary, and political, psychological, etc. - Advented, secondary.

All signs of classes should be considered in their organic unity, in the system. Each of them taken separately, not only does not give the completed class characteristic, but also is able to distort it. By the way, many unscientific class theories are based on the extraction of the class-forming signs of any one.

At each stage of socio-economic development, based on private property, there are basic and non-mining classes. The main classes of such a society are classes that are generated by dominant in it by the method of production and their relationship (both struggle and cooperation), express the essence of this method of production, its main contradiction. These are slave owners and slaves, feudal and fortress, bourgeois and workers. Each class formation also knows the non-core classes, which are either the remains of the former, or the embryos of the new method of production.

Relationships between classes are a holistic system inside which you can allocate:

1. Relationship between classes about ownership of the means of production and the whole chain of relations in direct production, distribution, exchanging and consumption (economic relations).

2. Relationship between classes about state power and government (political relations).

3. Relationship between classes about law enforcement (legal relationship).

4. Relationship between classes in connection with the implementation of moral norms (moral relations).

5. Relationship between classes about the creation and consumption of ideological, artistic and other spiritual values \u200b\u200b(spiritual relations in narrow sense the words).

When analyzing the social structure of society, not only interclasses, but also intraosklass differences. The separation of layers, component parts, detachments within one or another class makes it possible to better understand the conditions of their socializa and interests, predict their social and political behavior. And these contradictions in real social reality, as historical experience shows, are very significant (contradictions between financial capital and industrialists, between small businesses and corporations, between employed in the production of workers and reserve labor army).

A class approach is not a simple fiction of the "Great Sorting Machine" - the human head, trying to decompose "on the shelves": it adequately reflects the historical past and the present. All the more, it is impossible to consider the class approach as a simple fiction of Marxists. As noted in the literature, the Marxist concept of class struggle, social revolutions and dictatorship as a method for solving social problems arose in the context of the values \u200b\u200bof technogenic culture.

Social differentiation is an important attribute of society, especially modern society.

Social differentiation of society - dismemberment of the social whole or part of the interrelated elements.

In Nemmarxist sociology, predominantly formal aspects were developed. Theory at the end of the 19th century. put forward english philosopher Spencer who borrowed this term from biology and proclaimed the social differentiation of the universal law of the evolution of matter from simple to complex, manifested in society as a division of labor.

The French sociologist E. Durkheim considered social differentiation as a result of the division of labor as the law of nature and associated the functions in society with an increase in the population density and the intensity of interpersonal and intergroup contacts.

The German philosopher and sociologist M. Weber saw in social differentiation a consequence of the process of rationalization of values, norms and relations between people.

Modern structural-functional school in Nemmarxist sociology (American sociologist T. Parsons et al.) Considers social differentiation, as the cash structure of the social structure and as a process leading to various types of activities, roles and groups specializing in the implementation of individual functions necessary for self-preservation of the social system. However, within the framework of this school, the question of the causes and types of social differentiation remains not solved.

The founders of Marxism-Leninism analyzed the process of social differentiation in society, connecting it with the development of productive forces, division of labor and complication public structure. The most important stages of social differentiation of society - the separation of agricultural and cattle work, crafts and agriculture, the spheres of production and family, the emergence of the state.

Marxism requires a specific study of the processes of social differentiation in society as a whole - the emergence and formation of classes, social layers and groups, allocations of individual spheres of society (production, science, etc.), as well as differentiation within classes, public areas. Such a specific analysis shows, for example, that if the social differentiation of society under capitalism is related to the growth of social inequality, then in the conditions of socialism there is a movement of society to social homogeneity, overcoming class differences.

In prepalistic formations, the differentiation of society to two peculiar poles was clearly discovered: material and political and spiritual activities. The social sphere, it seems, at this time it is quite definitely about itself as a separate independent sphere said; One of its components in its structure, development trends, etc. It was the working classes to the material and industrial sector - the working classes, others to the political and management field - the class of dominant. And only in the period of capitalism there was a visible placement of material and social and political spheres. Thus, the differentiation of the main spheres of social life is not a one-time historical act, but a long historical process. At each stage of this process, transformations occur, some spheres develop and deepen, some collapses and merge with others. And there is no reason to believe that ever this process will be exhausted.

The concept of differentiation in the modern world in sociology with the evolutionary theory of Herbert Spencer in the development of society from incoherent homogeneity of coherent inhomogeneity. Later, Emil Durkheim, Georg Zimmel, T. Parsons, and Niklas Luman were important supporters of the concept. Other social thinkers, such as Karl Marx and Max Weber, who did not use the term differentiation noticeably, nevertheless contributed to the correct understanding of the social structure, and the dynamics it means.

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, theoretical and empirical debates on social differentiation continue. Social differentiation is considered as a process, dynamic, which leads to changes in the structure of differentiation.

Thus, the functional differentiation of the modern "world community" is a high risk of the result of social evolution. There is no alternative to this type of social differentiation is visible as an option for the future. But whether modern society cannot survive in this or destroy itself sooner or later this question remains open that sociological theories of social differentiation cannot respond. Theorists can only observe what happened earlier and get warning from this.

3. Social Differentiation in Information Society

One of the main values \u200b\u200bis information that circulates through communication channels and combines people to a new social integer. Practically it is a kind of symbolic capital, the struggle for production, the distribution and assignment of which is also carried out stubbornly as for the money. The most important means of ownership of "Information Capital" are modern communications. TV and computer equipped with various consoles are "revolutionary" symbols of modernity.

They reveal new unprecedented opportunities, together music, painting, literature, science, philosophy, politics. Music and painting masterpieces are available thanks to the Internet, they are included as partial elements in video clips and various entertainment programs. Sophisticated works of art, scientific theories, political ideologies - a word, what demanded before the relevant education, social status, free time and material resources, became publicly available, and is supplied to the masses of the media in a simplified form. Information from all over the world, published in the press, connects people to the world community. Today everyone knows everything. Such a situation also leads to qualitative changes in the style of thinking, in the method of vision, evaluation and understanding of reality. The former linear way of perception of the world, an understanding based on a logical sequence, argument and justification, is inferior to a complex holistic coverage of the meaning of what is happening. So, freedom, creativity, accessibility, privacy - undoubtedly the positive consequences of the modern mass media.

On the other hand, dangerous consequences are obvious. Apparent positive intetties of scientific, artistic, political, religious languages \u200b\u200bin modern popular mass prints turns on syncretism, which has been inherent in the ancient myths. Mystery and synthesis is not always dignity. First of all, it causes concern that the power dissolves in the modern mass media becomes invisible and at the same time all-pervading. She mastering any information and penetrates consciousness in the form of both scientific and entertainment programs, and at the same time leaves under the control of the public. Although modern mass communication products collect all the previous techniques for the description of the world together, and the photo is connected to the report and assessment, but the installation principle leads to such a selection and interpretation of what is happening that the world is perceived by the user turns out to be a fictional, illusory world or simulacre. Not only shows, but political reports are subject to staging. Multimedia not only open the window into the world, but also narrowed the creative possibilities of the person himself. If the reader of the classic press, which translates the typographic signs into the world of images and concepts, has done a huge independent work, which, of course, was prepared and sent to the previous education, today the press today actively uses comics, and video equipment gives ready, almost do not require independent interpretation of images that seem The most reality. The content of newspapers and television shows also turns out to be ideologically loaded and censored hard limited.

Already opening the radio spawned the theories according to which electronic communications make information wider and affordable. Without high costs associated with book publishing, radio communications quickly and effectively reach each and cause the necessary effect. Politics today relies not so much on ideology and pseudoargument, how many media masses. Their accessibility generates the illusion of democratic and freedom. It seems that the information is publicly available and any robust person can know everything that wants. And if the problem of political, military, commercial secrets remains, in principle, it cannot be considered an argument against the fact that, it is thanks to the means of mass communication, the dreams of equality and democracy have moved significantly forward. Such an optimistic point of view does not make it possible to carefully and thoroughly analyze the negative trends of the mass media. They cannot be corrected by illusions and good wishes, but require the active participation of people in controlling the use of mass communication. The press and TV not only do not provide democratization and emancipation of society, but finally rolled it.

The press is not only content, but also the structure. This is primarily an institution that coexists in space with other "places" - the market, the temple, the university. Each of them produces certain properties of human nature. Market - aggression, temple - love, university - knowledge. Mass media is place place, i.e. there is such a space where heterogeneous meets and communicates. Therefore, the functions of the press and TV be mediums, intermediaries of communication. Mass media should become a meeting place for morality and business, knowledge and poetry. It is the creation of such seats of the meeting of heterogeneous served as an incentive of the development of European culture.

Conquer the tops of scientific and technological progress and gaining unprecedented power over nature, people in the overwhelming majority have not learned how to build social and political and spiritual space of their habitat, anticipate the coming and long-term consequences of their activities. Scientific progress is clearly ahead of the progress of spiritual. And under these conditions, the media must be conductors of the ideology of social justice, promote the achievements of modern culture, to summarize the best experience in organizing socio-economic and spiritual and political life, promote progress in the transformation of various forms of human life. Modern media masses are far from implementing these tasks. The direction of their activities is mainly antiguman and destructive.

The person of the future is a reasonable man, a humane, active, having high ideals. It is a holistic, comprehensively developed personality that embodies his physical and spiritual perfection, acting on the basis of moral meaning. Information civilization creates the necessary conditions For the formation of such a person, it requires new forms of social life, harsh control in the use of media communication, the responsibility of power structures.

In the conditions of post-industrial society in the process of deep intraformation changes occurring at the end of the XX century. In economically developed countries of the world community, the following basic classes were identified: the highest or ruling class, the class of industrial and non-productive workers (hired labor force) and the middle class. It is they who in their aggregate constitute the main content in the system of socio-class differentiation, identifying the social structure and the appearance of leading countries of the world.

The highest or ruling class includes owners of fixed assets of production and capital, as well as persons holding a leading position in the management of firms, state structures, etc. The term "bourgeoisie" was served by the generally accepted designation of this group, which was understood as a group of owners of production applying hired labor. The inclusion of a group of senior managers led to the use of the category "Running Class", under which the class community, uniting both large owners and feasible labor, performing administrative and managerial functions. In the 70s - 90s. The development of this community was characterized by further strengthening of the positions of large owners who occupy the leading position in the economy of post-industrial countries and functioning in various spheres of material and intangible production, a significant increase in the role of senior employees and managers, whose social status is determined by their position in the field of management and the corresponding income level, intensive Enrichment of the ruling class as a whole with ultrahigh income of its higher layers. So in the early 90s. The share of income of 5% of the richest Americans exceeded the share of incomes of 40% of poor and poor citizens. For the ruling class is characteristic high level political activity. In the 1996 presidential election, up to 77% of the group of administrators and managers took part in the United States; 57.6% of persons with an annual income of more than 50,000 dollars. Representatives of the ruling class prevail in the upper echelons of power and in the field of great politics.

The specified features of the social identification of the ruling class largely determined the focus of the transformation of post-industrial society in recent decades. On the number of this class can only be said approximately. So in the US, most of the sociologists estimate it as 3-4% of the economically active population, of which 1 - 2% accounted for the economic and political elite. At the same time, it was the ruling class that occupied and occupies the leading position in the structure of ownership, organization of production and management structures. The class of major entrepreneurs and managers is the main subject of political power, providing relatively stable social development.

The class of industrial and non-productive workers, uniting female work, which has no ownership of the means of production or with it in a limited scale occupied mainly by the performing labor in various spheres of material and intangible production. Previously, this community was called as a "working class" or "proletariat", and its composition included hired workers engaged in physical labor in the industrial sectors. Currently, up to 75% of the composition of this class are lower employees who do not carry out controlling functions, the scope of the employment of labor of which are mainly the service provisions. In this regard, the term "class of industrial and non-production workers" is used to adequately define a new social composition.

The main trends in the development of this class community include: a permanent and significant increase in its number (in the United States in the early 90s. It was over 80 million people. - Over 60% of the US labor), an increase in the specific weight of the non-physical and functioning functions Mental labor in the content of professional functions, a sharp increase in the quantitative characteristics of sectoral layers and groups employed in the services sector of the economy (in the United States, the number of hired labor force of the sphere of intangible production has increased from 30.6 million people. in 1970 to 58.4 million pers. in 1993). The important characteristics of this class include the overall increase in the general education and qualifying level, an increase in the number of a fairly significant layer of workers who have a limited ownership of the means of production, an impressive increase in the life standards of this class and the level of consumption. The characteristic features of the political identification of this class are a rather low level of electoral activity, the presence of a significant number of intracelate groups occupying an intermediate position in a party and ideological choice, lack of direct conformity between class and party identities, etc.

The so-called medium layers or the middle class occupying an intermediate position between the two marked public classes are becoming increasingly important in the social structure of post-industrial countries. These include, first of all, small entrepreneurs are the owners of small means of production and circulation, directly involved in industrial processes with limited use of the hired labor. Their composition also includes groups allocated on the basis of their position in the system of public division of labor - the overwhelming part of the intelligentsia and the average group of employees. If the category of employees includes groups of persons performing simple non-physical labor, then the intelligentsia includes specialists who are professionally engaged in complex mental activity.

The social status of the intelligentsia is determined by the provision in the labor separation system, but its representatives do not have a single attitude towards the means of production (the group of self-integrated and hired intelligentsia) differ in their position in the management hierarchy (the intelligentsia groups that implement the functions and control groups and groups not related with them). They differ significantly in size and ways to obtain income. As for the group of employees, in this case it is represented by managers and lower and middle managers, whose professional functions include certain controls. In its aggregate, these diverse interim communities are currently over 30% of the workforce of post-industrial countries.

Leading trends in the development of medium-sized layers in recent decades have appeared: the increase in the number of small entrepreneurs engaged in the services-based sector of the economy while reducing the quantitative parameters of farmers, a significant increase in the number of intelligentsia, the complication of their social composition and the growth of mobility. The widespread dissemination of small forms of business and intellectualization of all spheres of social life allows you to predict as a further numerical increase in intermediate groups, as well as increase their importance in the social structure of modern society.

The above analysis characterizes the processes of social differentiation in industrialized countries. As for states with the transitional type of economy, Russia includes Russia, then there is currently the transformation of old social communities and the formation of new ones. So in 1995, the structure of the employed population (67 million people) was as follows: 25.2 million people. (37.6%) worked at state and municipal enterprises, and 25.1 million people. (37.4%) were occupied in the private sector, of which 7 million (10.5%) were facial labor. And although the social borders of modern russian society Nonestly blurred, however, the general focus of the evolution of the social structure largely coincides with global trends. Thus, in Russia the ruling class is formed (higher civil servants, large businessmen), acquires contours of the production and non-productive workers (workers, lower employees), and the number of middle class, uniting small entrepreneurs, intelligentsia, middle-level employees.

All this indicates that the information civilization, which develops in the modern world, objectively dictates new patterns in the development of the social sphere. Shifts in the content of wage labor, changing the content of labor functions associated with an increase in the amount of mental activity, constitute a basis for the development of a new type of social relations of people at all levels characterizing the process of reproduction of the information society. This largely predetermines its relatively stable development. Based on the growth of national wealth and increasingly consolidating the natural and civil rights of human treatment of classes, although they are contradictory, but gradually lose the antagonistic orientation and are carried out within the framework of social partnership.

Contradictions of modern society are overcome on the basis of shifts in the structure of property and labor, the all-time development of small entrepreneurship, the growth of social mobility, the development of a new type of social relationships of people. Their relationship is increasingly being built not on external determinants of class affiliation, but on the basis of their own choice, participation in informal mass movements, depending on the nature and content of activities and spiritual interests. Shifts in the structure of hired labor, its organization and management, a change in the content of labor functions associated with an increase in the volume of mental labor and the growth of culture, determine changes in the intellectual and psychological qualities of people using modern techniques. All this is the basis for the development of a new type of social relationship at all levels: from family to interethnic ties and relations.

Analyzing the dynamics and content of the modern social structure, some researchers conclude that with overcoming technogenic civilization the huge period is completed in the history of mankind associated with the division of society into classes. Anthropogenic civilization, the basis of which is the increasing scope of intellectual activity in its various types and forms, creates the conditions for the formation of a socially diverse classotional society. But all these processes occurring on the basis of information technology in economically developed countries are not implemented by gravity, but suggest the implementation of scientifically developed programs for the transformation of industrial society into information civilization, including the relevant mechanisms for this implementation.

Conclusion

Thus, with full right we can say that a person performs the Creator of his own public relations. However, this is the creation of a special kind. Cognizing the activities necessary to maintain life and its arrangement, people with the same objective necessity come into relations between themselves, "produce" them. The creation of this is quite specifically specific and completely and serves as a visual confirmation of the principle "I do not know what you are doing." As creatures conscious people are aware of their needs, set themselves concrete goals, create an ideal model of the desired result and in most cases it is achieved: otherwise there is anything about public progress It could not be said. But this prevailing coincidence of the goal and the result concerns mainly the meaningful side of human activity, we are also talking about the side of the formal, since public relations are already mentioned above, the essence of our activity is already mentioned. Realizing, predicting the meaningful results of their activities, people at the same time, as a rule, cannot foresee the evolution caused by this activity (and sometimes the most real revolution) of their social relations.

This happens, firstly, because every new generation cares of social relations, which reflects the level of development of a technical and technological basis and the degree of mastery of nature, a measure of civilization of society, the state of its culture and psychology. It is clear that each specific type of social relations depends on the listed factors to a greater or lesser extent.

Secondly, deciding every day the task of "at a minimum and maximum" in the economy (minimum costs and maximum labor productivity), improving other components of public life, there are thereby generate such evolution of their public relations, which from the very beginning it comes out from under their control . The striking illustration for this pattern gives the history of Japan new time. Japan has long resisted all sorts of attempts from outside to impose a overseas lifestyle. Neither the expansion of trade in traditional goods nor Military demarchas, nor missionaryness helped Europeans and Americans in the exercise of their plans to engage in Japan in, as if we were now told, a "single civilization flow". The Trojan horse, which was allowed to take this fortress, turned out to be a new technique and technology, in the import of which the Japanese did not see anything crazy and dangerous. In reality, the introduction of new equipment and technology has resulted in an industrial coup with all the consequences arising from it - fundamental changes in production, social, family relations.

Summing up the consideration of the nature of social relations, we can conclude: social relations are an objective reality, independent of the will and consciousness of people producing and reproducing them in the process of their activities. The objective nature of them makes it possible to better understand the analyzed thesis, according to which the person is essentially a totality (that is, the reflection) of the corresponding social relations.

In conclusion, we emphasize that a person has a social, biological and cosmic creature: he is unthinkable without society, because the reality of his being is not only he himself as something finite, but all society, the whole history of mankind; Next, he is unthinkable outside his biological, psychophysiological organization; He is also unthinkable outside of space, whose influence is experiencing every second and in which he "entered" with all his being.

Society as a complex organized self-developing system

ludses in the following specific features.

1. It is distinguished by a large variety of social structures,

themes and subsystems. This is not a mechanical amount of individuals, but a complex system in which various common and groups, large and small - childbirth, tribes, classes, nations, families, collectives, etc. are formed and functioning. In this regard, society has an ultra-compound and hierarchical character.

2. Society is not coordinated to people, its components, is a system outside and nadudividual forms, connections and relationships that a person creates its active activities with other people.

3. The most important feature of society is its self-sufficiency, i.e. The ability of society through the active joint activities of people to create and reproduce the necessary conditions for their own existence.

4. Human society is distinguished by the dynamism, incompleteness and alternativeness of development.

5. The peculiarity of human society is also unpredictability, nonlinearity of development. The presence of a large number of subsystems in society, a constant clash of interests and goals of various people creates prerequisites for the implementation of various models of the future development of society.

The social structure of society is a holistic set of all the elements and communities that exist in it, taken in cooperation.

In order to implement a philosophical analysis of the specifics of the social structure and social relations in its framework, it is not enough to list the elements that constitute the public hierarchy - it is necessary to take a specific scientific approach as a basis.

List of used literature

1. Balashov L. E. Philosophy: Tutorial. 2nd edition, with changes and additions. Electronic version - M., 2005. - with. 672.

2. Barulin VS Social philosophy: textbook. - ed. 2nd. - M.: Fair-Press, 2000. - 560 p.

4. Dobenkov V.I., Kravchenko A.I. Sociology. - M.: Infra-M, 2001. - 624 p.

5. Polycarpov B.C. Introduction to philosophy. Tutorial For students of technical universities. Rostov-on-Don-Taganrog: Publishing House of SKNC VS, published in TRT. 2003.-260 s.

6. Polyakov L.V., Ioffe A.N. Social Studies: Global World in the XXI century. Grade 11: Methodological manual. - M.: Enlightenment, 2008. - 176 S.

7. Tokareva E.M. Sociology: lecture ability. - M.: Miemp, 2005. - 70 p.

9. Basics of modern philosophy. Edition 2 is a supplemented. Series "World of Culture, History and Philosophy" / Cover Design S. Shapiro, A. Olekshenko / SPb.: Publishing House "Lan", 1999. - 170 p.

10. Chugunov A.V. Information Society Development: Theories, Concepts and Programs: Tutorial. - St. Petersburg: F-T Philology and Arts of St. Petersburg State University, 2007. - 98 p.

The word "differentiation" comes from the Latin root, meaning "distinction". Social differentiation is a division of society into groups that occupy a different social situation. Many researchers believe that social stratification is characteristic of any society. Even in primitive tribes, groups were allocated in accordance with the floor and age, with the privileges and responsibilities inherent. There was also an influential and respected leader and its approximate, as well as those who lively "outlined" rejected. At the subsequent stages of development, the social stratification became more concrete and became more apparent. It is customary to distinguish between economic, political and professional differentiation. Economic differentiation is expressed in difference in income, living standards, in the existence of rich, poor and medium-sized population. The division of society on managers and managed, political leaders and mass is the manifestation of political differentiation. Professional differentiation include the allocation of various groups in society by their activities, classes. At the same time, some professions are considered more prestigious in comparison with others. Thus, by specifying the concept of social differentiation, it can be said that under it is implied not just the allocation of any groups, but also a certain inequality between them from the point of view of their social status, the volume and nature of law, privileges and responsibilities, prestige and influence. Is this inequality eliminate? This question gives different answers. For example, Marxist doctrine on society comes from the need and the possibility of eliminating this inequality as the most vivid manifestation of social injustice. To solve this problem, it is primarily necessary to change the system of economic relations, liquidate private ownership of the means of production. In other theories, social stratification is also regarded as evil, but it is unreasonable. People must take such a position as inevitability. According to another point of view, inequality is regarded as a positive phenomenon. It makes people strive to improve public relations. Social homogeneity will lead society to death. At the same time, many researchers note that in most developed countries there is a decrease in social polarization, the average layers increase and groups relating to the extreme public poles are reduced. Reference on the above points of view, try to relate them to real socio-historical processes.

Stratification is the location of individuals and groups from top to bottom in horizontal layers (strata) on the basis of inequality in income, level of education, the volume of power, professional prestigious.

Stratification reflects the social heterogeneity, the separation of society, the inactivity of the social status of its members and social groups, their social inequality.

Social inequality is a form of social differentiation, in which individual individuals, social groups, layers, classes are located on different stages of the vertical social hierarchy and have unequal life chances and opportunities to meet needs.

Spirkin. Philosophy GL.13.

Spirkin. Philosophy Ch.10 Paragr.2

Polyakov L.V., Ioffe A.N. Social Studies: Global World in the XXI century. Grade 11: Methodological manual. - M.: Enlightenment, 2008. - S.50

Barulin VS Social philosophy: textbook. - ed. 2nd. - M.: Fair-Press, 2000. - 560 p.

Tokareva E.M. Sociology: lecture ability. - M.: Miemp, 2005. - P. 20

Krapvensky ch. 5 Par.4.

Big Soviet Encyclopedia - T.1

Translation from English

The history of human development can be viewed as a person who has its own goals. But the category "man" is an abstraction that serves to determine the overall feature that determines the specificity of the life of people and distinguishes them from the animal world. In other words, the "man" is the social quality of all individuals that make up human genus. This social quality manifests itself in the fact that, unlike the animal, which provides its livelihood directly interacting with nature, a person satisfies his vital needs of indirectly, through the manufacture of workers of labor, the implementation of the labor process and the creation of public relations, social and political institutions as a result of this process , that is, societies as a whole.

Consequently, the essence of a person is that its life activity is based on material production and implemented in the system of social relations the process of conscious, targeted attitude towards the environment and to itself to ensure its existence, functioning and development.

But the essence of man does not exist in itself. Really, it finds its manifestation in the vital activity of all individuals. Each individual is a real, live person, a real personality with all the biological and social features inherent in it. In each personality, the essence of a person finds its individually unique manifestation, which represents it as a person. Consequently, the personality is the social quality of the individual, the unique form of manifestation of the existence, functioning, development of the entire system of social relations. Personality is a social entity in which the entire richest essence of man is embodied.

This means that the personality is both the subject and carrier of the vital needs and ways to satisfy them; social production and public relations system; Public consciousness and freedom, that is, social activities.

The attitude of the person to objective reality in general, to the real conditions of their lives, is manifested in the worldview. The worldview is a system of generalized views on the person himself and the world, the system that for the personality acquires the value of the method of vision, understanding, analyzing the evaluation of phenomena, determines the nature of the attitude towards them, the nature of the actions and actions. The basis of the worldview is the awareness of the goals and meaning of life. The worldview in the process of verification of life experience turns into a life position, which can be active or passive. The life position of the personality is the readiness of a person to actions that are based on its worldview and vital experience. With the help of the will, the human life position is implemented in the social activity of the person.

Social activity is not just activity (the latter can be carried out with the help of coercion), and the method of self-realization of the personality of its essence, understanding it the goals and meaning of life, is an indicator of the degree of social maturity of the personality, this is the scope of self-improvement, self-sustainment as a subject of social activity.

But the person does not live in a certain abstract space, but in a real social environment that predetermines the possibility of meeting its needs, the realization of its interests. The defining factor in the life of the personality is a public system with its system of economic relations and political power. Therefore, the personality is always directly or indirectly included in political life. It takes place even when the identity declares its indifference to politics. Be-Yaka indifference disappears immediately in the case when the vital needs and interests of the person will be amazed.

Social subjects (groups, classes, parties) are constantly striving to conquer political power, always trying to submit their needs and interests as nationwide. Consequently, the party-political struggle for the individual, for its life position is becoming extremely important. Personality, on the one hand, becomes the object of political influence of social forces, which are trying to come or are already under the authorities, and on the other - it is a subject of political activity has its own political interests.

That is why personal problems, its formation, formation, education will be built into the rank of one of the most important political problems, become the sphere of confrontation of the social forces applying for a leadership role in society.

The essence of a person is that he (person) can occur as such only in society. Historical practice convincingly indicates that human improvement, its self-realization occurs in the process of bringing it to various aspects of public relations. That is why and now he did not lose the relevance of the thesis of Aristotle that a person is a political being, which is intended to live in society.

The relationship of man and society is interested in thinkers since the society arose. But so far, humanity has not suggested a unambiguous answer. The fact that a person depends on society is understandable. She simply cannot exist without it. But does she have something independent of society? And is there a reverse effect? And if there is, then to what extent can a person change social life?

To clarify this issue, consider three different concepts that were offered by E. Durkheim, Weber and K. Marx.

The relationship of individual and society is one of the main problems of the theory of E. Durkheim. The scientist emphasizes that social reality is an autonomous individual reality. Thus, "individual facts" he opposes "social facts", "individual ideas" - "collective ideas", "individual consciousness" - "collective consciousness", etc. This is directly related to how sociologist understands the essence of the individual. For Durkheim, it is a double reality, which coexist, interact and fight two entities: social and individual. Moreover, the struggle is the main thing in this coexistence, social and individual does not complement, but oppose each other.

According to the scientist, social reality, "collective ideas", "collective consciousness" completely dominate all signs of individual, above all that is a person's personality. Su -
The society in its interpretation becomes an independent external and compulsory force against an individual. It is richer reality than an individual, dominates him and creates it, being a source of higher values.

Durkheim admits that society arises as a result of the interaction of individuals, but arising, it begins to live according to its own laws. And now all the life of individuals is determined by social reality, to influence which they cannot or may be very superficially, without changing the essence of social facts.

Durkheim, thus, preferences the strength of social reality as such that objectively exists and determines the living conditions of the personality. The helpless personality on society itself. It acts as the oadindi-dual education, like what exists above all people, as a special supervisor of real power.

the opposite position on this issue is occupied by M. Weber. Unlike Durkheim, Weber saw in the role of a subject of only individual іndivіdіv. He did not denote the existence and need to study such social entities as the "state", Joint Stock Company. But from the point of view of Weber, these formations are only manifestations of specific actions of individual people, since the latter are understandable for us with a semantic orientation.

M. Weber does not exclude the possibility of using in the sociology of the concepts of "family", "nation", "state", but he advises not to forget that these forms of collectivism are not real subjects of social action. These collective social forms can not be attributed to freedom or thinking. The concept of "collective will" and "collective life" can only be consumed conditionally, metaphorically.

Social action can be considered, according to Weber, only something meaningful, aimed at achieving a detailed target individual. Such a type of action scholar called Zeleratzіonal. Meaningful, targeted actions and make individual subject social Action. This process should be interested in a sociologist. M. Weber called his sociology "developed", that is, such that "understands". It is clear that such science may be interested in (in contrast to psychology) only meaningful behavior of the person. Moreover, the city of Weber had no "the highest meaning of life" and not even the objective "meaning", which in the end may have the actions of the individual, and that sense that his Individual himself invests in its actions. This distinguishes the teachings of M. Weber from those sociological theories, which for weekend social reality and social action subjects take social categories: "Classes", "Society", "State", etc. M. Weber criticizes "Organic Sociology", which is considering society As a conditional organism, where individuals play the role of biological cells.

As you can see, the position of the city of Weber is the exact opposite glance of E. Durkheim. For M. Weber there is no social reality, except individuals, all public entities (the existence of which he certainly does not deny) is only the process of their interaction. He believed that a class or nation, a state or joint-stock company alone cannot act purposefully and meaningfully, and therefore cannot be subjects public Development. The status of a social entity in Sociology M. Weber has only an individual.

Another option to solve this problem was given by K. Marx.
In his understanding, social development entities are social formations of several levels: humanity, classes, nations, state, family and face. The development of society is carried out as a result of actions of all these subjects. But they are not at all equivalent, and the power of their influence varies depending on historical circumstances. In different epochs, one of them becomes decisive, becomes the main driving force of this historical period. In primitive society, the main subject of social life was the family and education that arose on its basis (genus, tribe). With the advent of class society, the subjects of social development, according to Marx, are classes (different in different periods), and their driving force - their struggle. The next change of a subject of social action was provided for by Marx after the establishment of communist relations. During this period, humanity should move from natural development to a conscious, meaningful creation of public relations in all spheres of life. Marx considered that it was then that the real history of mankind will begin and the subject of social development will be targeted by human society, liberated from the class struggle and other natural manifestations, osseed itself and the meaning of its existence.

But it is necessary to keep in mind that in the concept of Marx, all subjects operate within the limits of objective laws of development of su -
societies. They can neither change these laws nor cancel them. Their subjective activity or helps these laws to act freely, accelerating public development, or prevents them from the braking historical process. Check this approval is impossible, since the story does not allow experiments (it is impossible to return the events back and see how they would develop differently, for example, the ratio of class forces).

How does this theory unleashes the problem that we are interested in: personality and society? We see that the person here is recognized as a subject of social development, however, without putting it on the fore and without considering how the driving force social progress. According to the concept of K. Marx, the face is not only a subject, but also the object of society. The development of the individual is due to the development of all other individuals with which it is in direct or mediated communication, but it cannot be taken off from the history of previous and modern individuals.

So, the human life in the concept of Marx is comprehensively determined by society through the social conditions of its existence, the consequences of past development, objective laws of history, etc. But some space for social action still remains. According to Marx "History", there is not something that uses a person to achieve its goals, and there is nothing more than a person who achieves its goals.

How exactly is a person, "joined" from all sides, creates history? How does a person affect the course of historical development?

To understand this in Marxism, the category "Practice" is of great importance. The subjectivity of a person, according to Marx, is the result of its subjective practice, assimilate the person in the labor process of the objective world and its transformation. In the process of practice, people become free in the mastered world. They constantly expand their sphere of their freedom, and at the same time and their responsibility for the results of their own labor, thanks to which they change the environment. Regarding this, each individual, one way or another encouraged to human practice, becomes a subject of social development. And the above-mentioned driving forces remain only Rіvodіinimi many human desires and aspirations. That is why the historical result of human actions is often inadequate, and sometimes just the opposite of the subjective intentions of man. There are great personalities, which, according to K. Marx, can have a significant and direct impact on the course of history (of course, only within "accelerate-brake") provided that they understood the interests of the class that they put forward. But here the result can be problematic, and sometimes directly opposite to the expected goals.

We looked at three different views on the relationship of man and society. As mentioned, the final opinion on this issue has not yet developed. Therefore, everyone can choose a position that most likes. In our opinion, the personality in society, even the most free and democratic, has rather limited freedom, since its activities are due to many factors that are difficult to even list. As the British say, my freedom to swing his hands ends where the nose of my neighbor begins.

The opportunity to influence the processes in society in many ways depend on the political activity of the personality, its ability to find channels of participation in social and political practices, the scale of the influence and social significance of the roles that the person plays a social and political life. In the real situation, the political influence of the "ordinary" citizen on social and political processes depends on the following main factors:

social status (class affiliation, profession, place in the professional and social hierarchy, measure of vital maturity);

awareness of his own interests and their relationship with the interests of social groups, layers and classes;

the scale and significance of the social roles performed by the face;

the political activity of the personality and its ability to keep political activities;

social security restrictions in the society (group privileges, a variety of centers - property, educational, national, religious, trade of traditions, etc.);

the level of consciousness and political culture of the individual.

Consider in more detail some of these factors. The position of a person in the system of social relations in political science is determined by the concept of "status". Status is a certain place of a person in a public hierarchy, due to its origin, profession, age, sex, marital status. There are natural status (social origin, nationality) and what is achieved (education, qualifications, etc.). Man has a personal status. This is the position that it reaches in the primary group depending on how it is estimated to be like a person. Each person unites several status (mother, wife, employee, member of the political party, etc.).

Status is closely related to the political role of the person, that is, the combination of its rights and obligations. The political role is the dynamic side of the status, its function, a certain behavior. What political roles are objectively possible? Let us turn to the text of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It is in it, as you know, the rights are usually recognized that the rights have become international standards, which equals many constitutions of the world.

An integral political rights and freedoms of individuals include: the right to elect and be elected to state authorities, to unite into public organizations, including political parties; Freedom of speech, meetings, rallies, street processions. Each person, therefore, the right to take part in the management of his country directly or through its representatives. At the same time, "everyone has duties to society, in which only perhaps the free and complete development of his personality." At the same time, the purpose of legislative restrictions of human rights and freedoms can be only one - respect for the rights and freedoms of others and satisfying the fair requirements of morality, public order and general welfare in a democratic society.

These provisions are fixed, concretize the legislative acts of many states, which ensures the high legal status of their citizens.

The dynamic side of the status of man is the so-called role. Each person not only occupies a certain place in the social, political structure of society, but also performs certain functions in accordance with this place. Political roles of personality diverse: voter, deputy, member of the political party, strike, member of the rally.

Take, for example, rallies. This is one of the forms, it realizes the natural law of a citizen publicly express its opinion. The rally is an organized form of political actions, since he has organizers, goals and objectives (for example, to achieve as much support of voters in favor of this or that candidate and win the election campaign). At the same time, the rally, like any crowded gathering, can turn into a natural uncontrollable process under certain conditions and is accompanied by a sudden change in the sentiments of participants, an explosion of emotions, turbulent passions: the people the people turn into a crowd, and democracy - in the coolness of the crowd. For the coolness, the characteristic impulsivity of actions when the feelings prevail over the mind, the denial of any arguments and evidence, malicious anger and aggressiveness. Why is this happening? Man in a crowd eating anonymous. And this leads to the fact that it ceases to control their behavior. History and modernity know a lot of cases when a peaceful demonstration or rally turned into a richness of a furious crowd, which destroyed everything in its path. And the victims of the crowd became often quite innocent and foreign people.

Consequently, the right to convince people to organize political shares, like other political rights, is entrusted with a greater responsibility for a citizen (legal, moral, political) for the consequences of their actions. Negative consequences are inevitable if the organizers and participants do not adhere to democratic rules of conduct. What are these rules? Truthful, proven information, discredited by speakers, providing the word not only to its supporters, but also to their opponents, tolerance to other views, respect for human dignity.

Psychologists have established that the effectiveness of measures is growing, and the possibility of uncontrolled actions of the crowd decreases, if you correctly choose the place of the rally, not tightening it, considering that the heat, stuffiness, tiredness negatively affect the behavior of people, keep in mind that in the center (closer to speakers) where people are closer - emotions are stronger. The farther from the center there is a man, the less mass psychosis will act on it.

Or another is a rather difficult question: is there a simple role of the voter? Every citizen, depending on life circumstances, personal needs, abilities and opportunities, chooses a specific political role or role. Not everyone can constantly go to rallies or become, for example, members of the political party. However, there is always the necessary, minimum of political activities guaranteed by constitutions. It belongs to democratic elections. Participation in them is the point responsible. Voted for a candidate for deputies, the face delegates him to express and defend his interests at the state level. How to properly make your choice and prevent errors?

The main thing is to analyze and appreciate the pre-election program of the candidate. What is it for? The fact is that the essence of the deputy activity is the fulfillment of its election program. She is developing a candidate taking into account the needs and requirements of the inhabitants of its constituency, as well as common software installations of the party that it represents. In case of receipt of the parties of most votes in parliament, these settings will define the country's political course.

Consequently, the voter votes primarily for the pre-election program of the candidate. What is this document and what requirements does he have to answer? "Strong", "competitive" program should have a clearly defined goal that can combine the interests of various groups of the population.

In the election political program, it is also necessary to determine the means to achieve the goal. The "strong" program always gives a clear answer to the question: what economic, social, democratic and spiritual achievements of the voter will have its family if the program is fulfilled. The speech of the election program should be clear, accurate and verified.

A competent assessment of the election program is important, but not the only condition for the unmistakable choice of a candidate for political figures. From how the election program is compiled, you can learn to a certain extent about the intellectual ability of the candidate, its horizons and competence. But is this enough enough? Probably not. The voter is always interesting to know who he presents the mandate of confidence, which is the person who is in her biography and even a personal life. It is important, however, that the details of the personal life of the candidate influenced the voter is stronger than its election program. On the other hand, let's remember the famous aphorism: "The most serious test is a test of power." Psychologists and political scientists believe that the government corrupts many people: good can become bad, but bad - even worse. Therefore, a person who is inherent in theranic character should not be allowed to state power.

What are the personal qualities of the candidate to pay attention to the voter? Are there such features that should have to have a person who claims to the role of a political figure? Of course, it should be able to recognize objective problems of the development of society, to see what opportunities and danger are to know their goals and, depending on them, make decisions, fulfill their promises. The necessary and "breakdown force" and the ability to convince and unite people around them. The political figure should also be tolerant (tolerant), mental, responsive, noble, honest and conscientious. All this should appreciate the voter on the basis of documents and (in most cases) a sufficiently superficial acquaintance with a candidate for election rallies and meetings.

Consequently, the successful implementation of the simple, at first glance, the role of the voter requires the high political culture of each of us.

To assess the position of a person in society, in addition to the concepts of "status", a "political role", made in the category "Prestige" and "authority".

Social prestige can be defined as a comparable assessment by society, a group, a separate member of its member of the social role and actions of a person, its merits and psychological features on the basis of a certain system of values. Prestige, whose carrier is a person, acts as the prompting of her desires, feelings, intentions, actions, aspirations to occupy the corresponding position in society. Prestigious estimates as behavior regulators largely determine such important social processes as professional employment, social movement, consumption structure, etc.

Authority is one of the forms of power. In a broader sense, the authority is the informal influence of a separate person or organization on the actions and thoughts of another person (or people). The impact of the authority is not related, as a rule, with coercion. It is based on a high assessment of the environment of knowledge, moral qualities, dignity, the life experience of a certain person (the authority of parents, friends, the leader of the political party, etc.), since the complexity of modern life often does not give an ordinary person to correctly evaluate the problems that get to her . Under these conditions, the need to "perceive the faith" approval of the authority carriers arises.

M. Weber proposed such typology of the authority: based on tradition, on rationally sound legality and Charism. In the latter case (very common), credibility is associated with personal commitment to the leader, which (in the eyes of its supporters, of course) has exceptional human features heroism, wisdom, insight, etc.

The main criterion of distinguishing social statuses (differences) is the separation of society into classes, social groups and resorts. Western sociology (for example, the theory of M. Weber) argues that the structure of society is determined not only to economic (access to public wealth) and political (power, right), but also social (prestige) indicators. The latter create a social community based on a specific style of life, certain vital values, daily behavior standards, etc.

People who have the same status have similar personalities, which is no longer dependent on the individual characteristics of a person, but from the social system to which it is included, from the social community to which it belongs. In fact, the carrier of social and typical properties and signs is a class, a social group, and their concrete express man - a separate personality. A specific person, which is a representative of a certain social community, can be considered as social typewhich manifests itself only in social relations and relationships.

So, the social type of personality characterizes not specific features of a separate individual, but the general social traits of the class, social group or society as a whole. The examination of the individual in terms of social typing makes it possible to relate the individual with the social structure of society, to study the social condition of the individual.

Soviet society created a special type of personality - "Soviet man." And now there are more and more arguments in favor of the fact that the "Soviet man" is not an invention of propagandists, but a real type of personality. The Russian writer M. Kharitonov notes: "We just started to realize that the October Revolution not only established a new way with all special economic and political institutions, but also created a new one, unknown to the organization with its history and mythology, with their own system of ethical and moral values, culture and literature. This society not only announced the birth of a new person, but really reached it. "

O. Zinoviev, Russian philosopher, writer, lives in Munich, author of "gaping heights", "Homo Sovieticus", "Crane", characterizing a "new person", which was created during the years of Soviet power, as calling her negative features - social Conformism (including readiness always and agree with the boss), indifference to political life, etc., and positive - selflessness, the ability to go for victims for the sake of common cause and others.

Analyzing the participation of a person in political life, you can distinguish several political types of personality. Interesting personality typology was offered Ukrainian political scientists. I. Golovakha, I. is. Bequeskina and V. S. Nezsenko. In the most general form, socio-historical personality typology is represented by three main types.

1. Personality that "dissolved" in society. It does not stand out from the public political relationship system, but is characterized by the collestic ideology, within which a separate person is only a functionally defined element of the social system, only in it the meaning of functioning and only for its purposes - its own dignity and value.

2. Personality that is alienated from society. This is a basic type that meets the period of gradual decline of totalitarian ideology and is characterized by a double system of values. One system was intended exclusively for internal use as a manifestation of its own "egoistic interests", and the other to adapt to external requirements in the face of hard ideological control.

3. Ambivalent personality, which even recognizing the fundamental values \u200b\u200bof democracy for socially significant goals, does not have a sufficient level of legal, economic and political culture for consistent implementation of these goals.

Special attention deserve typical forms of manifestation of an ambivalent human relation to democracy:

The conform-ambitious type for which "yes" a democratic choice does not mean "no" - authoritarian rule;

Nihilistic-ambitious type, which manifests itself in denial of both conservative and socialist and radical-democratic social development;

The mosaic-ambivalent type that is inherent in the contradictory combination of elements of democratic consciousness and former totalitarian structures.

If conformally ambivalent consciousness leads society to an authoritarian form of government (essentially to ugivalent), nihilistic-ambitious - to the rebellion, whose regular finals will be common chaos or ("and") dictatorship, the mosaic consciousness is the most flexible and most capable of perception of democratic standards in the process of destruction of ideological stereotypes of the past. The advantage of this or that type of consciousness is predetermined and a possible version of the development of society: to authoritarian power, to rebellion and dictatorship or to democratic evolution.

Social relations are the relationship of regulatory order, which develop between various social and professional groups. The subject of such relations is usually the collective or personal interests, the imposed collective will (in relation to the opponent group), as well as an economic or symbolic resource, the right to possess all opponents. In this regard, the term "social" acts synonymous with the concept of "public" and serves as an integral designation of the entire depth of interactions, relationships and interdependencies existing in society. At the same time, the narrow meaning of this phrase is used. In this case, social relations are relations related to the struggle of individuals or groups for the right to occupy certain positions in society (the so-called "social status") and, naturally, material, symbolic and economic resources that are attached to this status.

In principle, if we are talking about any relationship, then there are in mind the relationships that are emerging with respect to any subject or abstract concept. In this sense, social relations are between all, consider such an example as labor relations in production. The employer adopts a certain amount of permanent employee to a certain amount of permanent work, the conditions accompanying this work and payment as an economic remuneration for labor. An employee in turn agrees to all proposed conditions, including the obligation to produce the required volume of products. In addition, the employee accepts the rules of behavior in the team and place (social status), which he is provided with his post. As a result, a system of social relations arises (in this case of production), which has existed for an unlimited long time on a limited physical space. Of course, any modifies and will be improved, becomes more complex, but in essence remains unchanged and stable, of course, if there is no social conflict.

And what happens if such a conflict still occurs? It should be remembered that social relations are generally a relationship with respect to property. The role of the latter can act as quite tangible objects (land, house, plant, Internet portal) and abstract concepts (power, dominance, information). The conflict arises when the previous agreements on property rights lose their legal, moral or even religious importance, management and regulatory regulatory functions are also lost. No one wants to live in the old rules, but new ones have not yet been created, and even more so recognized by all participants in the social contract. As a result, not only the revision of the rules of the game is happening (in our case, the adoption of the new edition of the charter or another statutory document), but also the change of the elite (directorial corps), which is already coming with its rules and the requirements for hired personnel.

However, let us return to our definition. Social relations are in a broad sense that is, it is also about economic, cultural, religious and other relations arising in the process of forming a social organization of society. Any sphere of its vital activity is permeated by the topic of sociality. This is not only connected with the fact that a person initially lives in a particular social environment, assimilates his habits, imposes its views, takes strangers, that is, is included in the socialization process. But he understands that he cannot live outside society, he wants it or not, but he is forced to accept general rulesOtherwise, the society will "throw out" him from his circle will turn into a burden. No wonder we are talking about social organization now as such. According to some sociologists, it is the society that is the most rigidly built corporation using a vertically integrated control system. The development of social relations in a similar organization is possible only due to the submission of proposed social practices. The choice is if it is possible, then only in case of changing social partners: when moving to another corporation, moving to another city or a complete rupture of any connections with the same personal environment.

The concepts of "society" and "social relations". Social relations system - section philosophy, the concept of "society" and "social relations". System of social relations about ...

The concepts of "society" and "social relations". Social relations Social relations are an artificial reality ("Two Nature"), the only in which the activities of nature came out and inseparable from it are possible, and cannot really ignore the Society "occurs" from nature and cannot ignore Laws, but once standing out from it, then develops on its own basis and according to its own logic. In the course of activity, a person comes into a variety of and multidimensional relations with other people.

At the same time, the relationship, being a generation of activities, acts as its necessary public form. In general, any interaction of people inevitably takes a social character. The public relations can be defined as forms of interaction and relationships arising in the process of activity between social groups, as well as within them. These relationships - and the mass of theory, and spiritual - have a high degree of abstractness.

And activities, and interaction, and public relations are aimed primarily on sustainable life support, in all its diverse dimensions, i.e. On the creation of the necessary and sufficient conditions and means of functioning of society and reproduce the components of its people as a generic creature, as well as their further development. The philosophical meaning and understanding of society consist in determining the type of connections that unite individuals in social integrity, its nature and essence are most viewed. In the concept of the system.

Social character of society is the manifestation of the system of the surrounding world. He was not challenged and not disputed by anyone from the thinkers of the past and present. The development of ideas about the social system can be considered one of the theoretical achievements of the XIX-XX centuries. Society as a system is an ordered, self-governing and self-developing combination of relations and relations that form high-quality integrity and carriers of which are the existing people and the groups formed by them.

Representing the system, society has, firstly, complex and hierarchical structure, since it includes various elements and levels; secondly, the integration of the system-forming quality - relations of active people; Third, the property of local governibility, which is distinguished by only high-organized systems. The company is an open system. This means that, despite autonomy in relation to the outside world, it is experiencing its active impact, perceives and recycles information, reacts to a changing context.

Society is an adaptive adaptive system, i.e. It is capable not only to adapt to the environment, but also to change it due to the possibilities according to their interests. Social sphere Society There is a holistic set of all common communities in them, taken in their interaction. You can include peoples, nations, classes, class, strata, castes, socio-demographic groups, labor groups, and labor collectives, Informal education, etc. In this area, cooperation is carried out about living conditions, life, production; health problems, education, social protection and security; compliance with social justice; Regulation of the entire complex of ethnic, national, socio-class and group relations.

Socialization is the process of integration, "embedding" subject to society in accordance with the rules adopted in it.

In the course of socialization, the individual connects to social experience - symbolic-semiotic, communicative, cultural. The phenomenology of socialization includes many procedures and techniques, however, with the exception of elementary imitation of its forms "deliver" truths, which, as a rule, are not declared, are not demonstrated, are not exhibited. They arise from the way of living adopted by people of the world relations.

What we will do with the material obtained:

If this material has proven to be useful for you, you can save it to your social networking page:

Tweet

More abstracts, coursework, thesis on this topic:

Lecture 1. Topic: Operating system. Definition. Levels of the operating system. Functions of operating systems. 1. The concept of the operating system
The concept of the operating system ... The reason for the appearance of operating systems was the need to create comfortable in ... OS operating system This software that implements the connection between the application programs and ...

System of coordinates of action and general theory of systems of action: culture, personal and place of social systems
The center of this study is the development of the theoretical scheme. Systematic consideration of its empirical use will be undertaken ... The main provisions of the coordinate system of the action were described in detail earlier, and ... with its help, the structure and processes of systems consisting of relations of such elements to their situations are analyzed ...

Social mobility - transitions of social subjects from one social group to another, from one social position to another
Website read on site: Social mobility - transitions of social subjects from one social group to another, from one social position to another ...

Telecommunication systems. Electrical communication signals and channels. Communication systems with frequency separation of channels. Digital transmission systems
Laboratory works An hour ... Practical hours of hours ... Total audit hours of hours ...

Basic concepts and categories of economic theory, their place in the system of production relations
In the center of any production process it is difficult. Production itself can be characterized as a system of labor processes necessary for ... Of course, the process of labor for the physiologist will be characterized as ... The substance of nature he himself opposes as the power of nature. In order to assign the substance of nature in the form suitable ...

Society as a social system
Concepts society and its signs ... Society as a system of subsystem of society and their relationship ... Typology of societies ...

Microprocessor systems: System of DTS-MPK, SUG system
The practical experience of implementing linear control points (LPU) is used in 60 stations in conjunction with ETS-4, ETS-9, MRC-12, MRC-13. A transition to ... The system of the central control point (PU) includes IBM-joint ... 24-hour operation of hardware, PU is provided by uninterruptible power sources, as well as a system ...

Lectures on the discipline Device and functioning of information systems Section 1. Information systems. Basic concepts and classification
Section Information Systems Basic Concepts and Classification ... Topic Information Systems Basic Concepts and ... In this topic, general concepts relate to operating systems are determined by their types and basic ...

0.053